Heartland/Region State (4)

Question 1

Heartland

Answer 1

the center/core of something drawing attention to one area, anywhere can be a heartland it just depends on the scale: when we talk about Ontario as heartland it is not the Northern part, its the highly populated southern part

Question 2

Hinterland

Answer 2

all of the wild things: anything that is not heartland that is out there

Question 3

other names for heartland/hinterland

Answer 3

core/periphery, metropolic/periphery

Question 4

Heartland/Hinterland model

Answer 4

provides a framework for examining, at various geographic scales, the movement of people, goods and services, investment capital, and technology from one region to another

Question 5

more on Heartland…

Answer 5

small land area, high concentration of population, highly urbanized, corporate control (regional headquarters), secondary/tertiary/quaternary activities dominate, industrial core, large corporate control; location of the headquarters for everything, no space for primary economic activities (primary activities take up land: no room in the ‘core’)

Question 6

Heartland…

Answer 6

o Trying to preserve the left over area; but not the primary concern
o Slow evolving more tertiary and quaternary
o Cities with diversified economies; lots of different jobs and businesses
o Good physical qualities; easy to live there and develop
o Access to markets; people to sell stuff too
o Well integrated system of cities
o Capacity for innovation and change
o Economic, social and political power

Question 7

Hinterland

Answer 7

o The rest (large land area, the rest)
o Low concentration of population
o Scattered population (scattered in small communities)
o More rural population
o Lower incomes; not as many opportunities to get well paying jobs
o Primary activities dominate: mining, forestry
o Produce few finished goods; not much development of the primary resources
o The finished product is not happening in the hinterland***
o Towns with specialized economies; one main job ie. Fishing or mining town, if one thing goes wrong the whole town could be unemployed
o More unemployment; fewer opportunities more risk for economic disaster
o Lower market potential
o Weakly integrated urban systems; may share a central place but not liked to each other very well
o Limited innovative capacity; no higher education systems
o Limited political power; less people less power
o Dependency is on heartland; both kind of depend on each other

Question 8

what is the origin of a Heartland?

Answer 8

primarily economic

Question 9

What is the end result of the heartland-hinterland relationship?

Answer 9

the allocation of power to the heartland and the creation of a dependency relationship: also geographic relationship

Question 10

What is the growth process?

Answer 10

Self-sustaining! IF you have al the right factors to build a heartland - no way of stopping it; things work = they’ll continue to grow

Question 11

threshold population?

Answer 11

had some driving force to get people to come to the land and develop if we get this threshold population

Question 12

Economies of scale*

Answer 12

divide up the work between the population and we all get some benefit! some people do one thing and others do another - think of an assembly line

Question 13

growth attracts more growth

Answer 13

even if stores have competition: they benefit from all the people in the area: if youre a shoe store in the Eaton centre – yes you have tons of competition but you benefit from the fact that people will head to that mall to do shoe shopping

Question 14

Heartland process.cont’d:

Answer 14

o The population comes and clears land, population is attracted, continues to grow: once you have enough people that you are self-sustaining:
o Demand for staple commodities
o Purchases resources from hinterland: no room in the heartland to be producing those resources! Need to receive things from the hinterland
o Agglomeration: benefit by having certain things beside each other like a car strip or a shopping mall; the consumer can look at many things and browse

Question 15

Exchange provides hinterland with

Answer 15

Capital, labour, technology, entrepreneurship

Question 16

what does the exchange provide?

Answer 16

work and products between the two

Question 17

government transfers

Answer 17

take money from taxation and spread it out everywhere to get all the things we need (Federal will do this to even things out)

Question 18

Cultural transfers

Answer 18

urban culture may be more globalized: spread that to communities

Question 19

Ontario is Heartland?

Answer 19

Windsor-Quebec Axis

South central ontario and the golden horseshoe*

Question 20

What are other smaller regional heartlands?

Answer 20

vancouver, edmonton/calgary, winnipeg, halifax

Question 21

Golden Horseshoe

Answer 21

agricultural, commercial and industrial belt

along the western end of lake ontario between st catherines and oshawa

Question 22

Ontario As Heartland

Answer 22

1945-1970: when it really took off; but as far back as 1904 and the setting up of the ford motor company

Question 23

1945-1970

Answer 23

o The interest of the government: growing and building the economy!
o Ontarians as individuals in this period of time: they all thought Ottawa was pretty great – always on our side, not far away, we like most of them – they were fine with it: different to many other parts of Canada who thought that they weren’t meeting their needs and were unfairly treating Ontario at the time!
o We have always supported a strong federal government: in 1867 when our four provinces became Canada: the British North America Act needed to decide who does what: Federal was in charge of trade/fisheries/criminal justice/etc. Provinces were in charge of education/health/social services: this is when we thought the federal government would control most of the money. Education/health care/ social services weren’t a lot of money being spent by the provinces: example of health care you spent on your own. Flip to now: federal government gets all the money and then the major things we need are the provincial governments responsibility! And the provinical government don’t have enough tax revenues to do all the things that we want them to do: SO this is why the federal government gives money to each province to help for health care/education etc. So some provinces think this is too paternalistic. Indirect taxation: We pay so many taxes we don’t even know about! That go to the federal government.
o In 1982: we said the province can have tax on anything in the primary sector; we voted for this change in 1982 but it didn’t really benefit us.
o Ontario prospered-diverse economy and power; government thought that this would be the best for the country
o Economic management of Canada linked to Ontario
o Ontario supported strong federal government; wanted a strong central power
o Preserved central role by blocking attempts by other provinces to gather more powers (never wanted more power)
o Ontario was first in favour of NAFTA; always in favour of free trade*

Question 24

Since 1970: Ontario as Heartland

Answer 24

o Rifts with the rest of Canada; not compatible interests
o Heartland not a strong enough term due to the integration of Canada and US economies
o Ontario is prominent on a continental scale
o Ontario gets the most GDP and no one else is even close
o Ontario trades significantly more with the rest of the world (mainly US) than Canada
o Imports mostly from the US, China, and Mexico
o Some people are saying now that Ontario is much more interested in the US than the rest of Canada.

Question 25

Federal Parliament: how many seats?

Answer 25

Representation by population: 308 seats in total: 106 for Ontario - a lot of seats but theoretically under represented

Question 26

How much of the population are we?

Answer 26

38% of the population but only 36% of the seats

Question 27

Why aren’t we well represented?

Answer 27

we set a minimum number so for example no matter how low PEI’s population gets, they will have 4 representatives! Centralization of power in Ontario. BUT we are still underrepresented

Question 28

how many seats in 2014?

Answer 28

121 seats!

Question 29

Ontario as regionstate? IMPORTANT

Answer 29

“Ontarians continue to give more attention to Parliament Hill than to Queen’s Park even as Ottawa has weakened its links to their day-to-day welfare in areas such as health care, social services, and housing.
Ontarians are oriented to Ottawa because their province continues to dominate demographically and economically, more so than California and New York combined dominate in the U.S.
Ontario will gain 15 seats in the next federal election; together, Alberta and British Columbia will gain 12. The key to 24 Sussex Drive in 2011 was in Ontario. It will continue to be so for a while.”

Question 30

Ontario in Confederation

Answer 30

o Things that we had from the get go that helped us become a heartland
o Geographic situation
o Population
o Economy
o Political power
o Connection with federal government; wanted to maintain a strong center
o Connection with other provinces
o Connection with US
o Lots of connections right in the middle of everything

Question 31

Whats changing in trades?

Answer 31

We are trading so much more internationally than within Canada!
We can now sell to Mexico without any barriers: we keep expanding!! We cannot sustain this economy by just selling things within Canada

Question 32

Ontario: strong reputation as a hub for global business:

Answer 32

• 3rd in North America, after NY and California, for the number of FDI projects
• Forbes magazine – Ontario a top destination for FDI in North America and top rankings in job creation, tax reform, and health care.
• Site Selection magazine – ranked Ontario as Canada’s most competitive province

Question 33

What makes a region a region?

Answer 33

Typically a region has an underpinning:

• geographic proximity
• economic/political
• fiscal relations: sharing of money: how the federal government has the big pot and we have to ask for some money to do the stuff we need

Question 34

“regions of the mind”

Answer 34

• Imagined communities

- Regional identity (simply having something in common: it’s a shared experience!)

Question 35

Regional discontent

Answer 35

• Regional discontent must be mobilized: Ontario never really had mobilized: people say Ontario is the “changeless background” to the sparkle of the rest of the country.
  o Ontario doesn’t really have any big defining characteristics
  o The people of Ontario have possessed little consciousness of themselves as Ontarians or the awareness of being quintessential Canadians dominating in confederation

Question 36

1988 free trade agreement

Answer 36

• Courchene and Telmer: made the suggestion that Ontario is Different! They’ve noticed that trade has taken off = its all abot the globalized economy. Fiscal decentralization: the moeement of that pot of money that the federal has = moving out to help the provinces
• Ontario as Region-State
• Why? Globalization, move to an information economy, fiscal decentralization in Canada
  We are more important to Canada than New York and California are COMBINED TO the US
  ^ says a lot

Question 37

How do regions become a region?

Answer 37

Regions experience REGIONALISM to become a region: but that does not mean they are a region-state

Question 38

Region underpinnings

Answer 38

o Definition of a region; and area with common characteristics
o Geographic proximity
o Economic/political relations
o Haves vs. have nots (Fiscal Relations)
o French vs. English (linguistic differences)
cultural

Question 39

What are Canadas six Regions

Answer 39

Ontario, Quebec, BC, Western Canada, Atlantic Canada, and Territorial north

Question 40

Economic Basis Of Regionalim: N-S Orientation

Answer 40

• Our trading partners are south of us, it makes sense to trade to places that we are close to
• How to sustain an east-west economy

Question 41

Economic Basis Of Regionalim: E-W Economy

Answer 41

• Was a political decision or economic policy, it did not develop naturally
• Trade between the provinces isn’t natural because it is so vast and far
• Central Canada has a very diversified manufacturing base and outer Canada is a resource hinterland

Question 42

Fiscal Relations: Equalization

Answer 42

o Very complicated
o Explicit and implicit parts
o Equalization program
o Equalization: where all of the provinces give taxes to the federal government and then they take it all and divide it up equally amongst the provinces so they can do all of the things they need
o Some provinces get money from other parts of Canada
o The have nots are the ones who get the money
o And the haves are the ones who make the money and get it taken away
o Ontario is a ‘have’ province the first time it was a ‘have-not’ was in 2009

Question 43

Region State

Answer 43

o A region state is an area with an economy that is bigger than the entire state
o Move to an information economy
o Fiscal decentralization in Canada; giving other places an equal opportunity

Question 44

Globalization

Answer 44

the one economy does not stand alone it is connected to other places like the US border; harmonization between countries brings us closer and more like a region state

Question 45

Characteristics of a Region State

Answer 45

o Outwardly/internationally oriented economy (great lakes economy)
o Government and policy activity to develop that economy; free trade, bridges ect.
o Appropriate scale and size to be natural business unit (Ontario vs. Golden Horseshoe)

Question 46

Where does Ontario look for resources?

Answer 46

• Add America to the pile: they say yes you are a region-state: you are focused on the world outside Ontario/Outside of Canada: we look out to our American market. We are looking outward for resources

Question 47

Implications of Ontario as Region State

Answer 47

o Policies to enhance Ontario’s ability to compete in NA and global market place economies
o NA and global marketplace influence Ontario’s policies; have to change our policies so we can compete
o Canada less a single E-W economy
o More a series of N-S economies (we are afraid of the thickening of the border! We want the US border to be easy to get through)
o Do what we can to boost the economy and make things attractive

Question 48

Challenge of Ontario as Region State

Answer 48

o To maintain east-west social, economic, and political union in face of north-south trading nexus
o Stay east and west but focus on the Canada US relationship
• Ontario makes more money than what they get back from the government; in some cases we make a ton more than other provinces and they get more money; like newfoundland gets some extra money from offshore oil
• Funding per immigrant; we have the most immigrants but we get a significant less amount of money per immigrant; they want people to go to other places
• We get less money per unemployed, because there is more opportunity
• Ontario receives $86 dollars less per person for health and social programs
• It is very difficult to find an identity for Ontario
• The state around the great lakes is one of the most powerful economic units of the world

Question 49

Would you rewrite the borders?

Answer 49

If you did not know the history and you were to rewrite the borders: you would make the Great Lakes area one* “YOU would have a Great Lakes state, around the greatest set of fresh water lakes in the world and arguably one of the most powerful economic units in the world”
Everything they do in the States impacts us! Their economy affects ours!!

Ontarios premier said to the states “i see many of you as stronger allies than many parts of Csanada”