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Network > LAN infrastructure 8 > Flashcards

LAN infrastructure 8 Flashcards

0
Q

Name the 5 types of switches

A 
Cut-through
Fragment-free
Store-and-forward 
Multilayer
Content
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1
Q

The main purpose of a switch is

A

To optimize performance by providing night bandwidth for transmissions. They inspect data packets and forward to the port of destination in full duplex mode. Thereby increasing network performance. Basic ones operate at the data link layer 2

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2
Q

Describe cut-through switch

A

A switch that forwards a data packet as soon as it receives it. Does not discard packets that are corrupt and fail error checking.
Performs the address table lookup immediately upon receiving the destination address field in the packet header

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3
Q

Describe fragment-free switch

A

A switch that scans the first 64 bytes of each packet for collision damage. If none it forwards the packet. Otherwise the packet is discarded. This Reduces network congestion

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4
Q

Describe store-and-forward switch

A

Switch calculates the CRC value for the packets data and compares it to the value included in the packet. If they match the packet is forwarded. If not it is discarded.
Slowest switch. Inspects the Frame Check Sequence FCS, which performs error checking on the trailer of an Ethernet frame, before forwarding the frame.

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5
Q

Describe multilayer switch

A

A switch that performs both routing and switching. Also called a layer 2 router, layer 3 switch, IP switch, routing switch and wire speed router.

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6
Q

Describe content switch

A

A switch used for load balancing among server groups and firewalls and web cache and application redirection. Referred to as 4-7 switches because they primarily work on layers 4 and 7 of the OSI model.
They analyze packets in real time

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7
Q

What is switching and name the two types

A

A technique used for transmitting information over a network to the destination network device. The two types of switching are circuit switching and packet switching

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8
Q

In circuit switching

A

One endpoint creates a single path connection to another endpoint. data is transmitted through the established circuit path. Bandwidth is dedicated to the connection until it is not needed.
PSTN is ex

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9
Q

In packet switching

A

Data is broken into small units called packets that move in sequence through the network. Each packet takes the best route available at any given time. Each packet contains all of the routing and sequencing information required to transmit it for one endpoint to another. Then the data is reassembled.

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10
Q

What is virtual circuit switching and name the two types

A

A switching technique to transfer packets on logical circuits that do not have physical resources such as frequencies or time slots allocated. Merges packet and circuit switching to its advantage. These logical paths are assigned to identities rather than Physical locations. Carry VCI virtual circuit identifier
Two types : permanent or switched

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11
Q

Describe permanent virtual circuits PVC

A

Usually associate with leased lines. Connect two endpoints and are a always on. Fast reliable connection.

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12
Q

Describe switched virtual circuits SVC

A

Associated with dial up connections. More flexible and allow a single connection to an endpoint to be connected to multiple endpoints as needed.

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13
Q

Cell switching networks are

A

Similar to packet switching except data is transmitted as fixed-length cells instead of variable length packets. Is predictable and makes it easy to track how much data is moving on a network

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14
Q

What is routing

A

The process of selecting the best route for transferring a packet from a source to its destination on a network.

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15
Q

What is a route

A

The path used by data packets to reach the specified destination using the gateway as the next hop.

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16
Q

What is static routing

A

Uses table mappings that the network administrator established manually in the router prior to routing. Mappings do not change unless the network administrator alters them. Traffic is forwarded regardless of wether the destination is active or inactive.

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17
Q

Name the three main categories of routers

A

Access routers
Distribution routers
Core routers

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18
Q

Describe access routers

A

Routers used in SOHO networks. Located at customer sites and are inexpensive

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19
Q

Describe distribution routers

A

Routers that collect data from multiple access routers and redistribute them to an enterprise location

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20
Q

Describe core routers

A

Routers located at the center of network backbones. Used to connect multiple distribution routers located in different buildings to the backbone.

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21
Q

Routers vs switches

A

Networks connecting through switches are limited to adjacent networks because switches use the MAC address of a device to locate it.

Routers are designed for interconnectivity to multiple and distant networks. Can also read port numbers and determine what kind of data is being transmitted and the dates destination using the IP address.

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22
Q

What is a routing table

A

A database created manually or by a route discovery protocol that contains network address as perceived by a specific router. Routers use this table to determine where to forward packets.

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23
Q

In regards to routing what is a hop

A

The action of forwarding a packet from one router to the next. The number a packet can take from a sender to a receiver can be specified

24
Q

What is a route cost

A

The number of hops along a route between two networks.

25
Q

Describe manual routing tables

A

Manually configured on a router. Requires manual maintenance. Does not cause additional Network traffic. Provides extra security from other systems rogue routers sending info to the ASA autonomous system. Less effective than dynamic routing

26
Q

Routing table entries have four categories

A

Direct network routes. For subnets the router is directly attached

Remote network routers. For subnets not directly attached

Host routes. To a specific IP address

Default routes. Used when a better network Or host route is not found

27
Q

List the routing table default entries

A

Default gateway. Destination 0.0.0.0
Local Loopback. Destination 127.0.0.1
Local subnet. Destination network portion of local IP address plus host address of all zeros
Network interface. Destination local IP address
Subnet broadcast address. Destination network portion of local IP address plus host address of all 255
multicast broadcast address. Destination 224.0.0.0
Internetwork broadcast address. Destination 255.255.255.255

28
Q

What is the route command used for

A

Routes to destinations not in the default routing table must be added manually. Use the route command to manage static routing tables.

29
Q

List the three steps in the routing process

A

A router receives data, reads the destination IP address and finds the shortest path

The router reads the routing table which lists the locations of other routers on the network

Decides on a route. Removes the old destination MAC address and attaches the MAC address of the next hop in the datas path.

30
Q

What is an autonomous system AS

A

Also called a routing domain. Is a self contained network governed by a single administration. All routers in an AS share and conform to a single routing policy

31
Q

Autonomous systems can be classified as

A

Transit or stub
Transit. The source or destination mode does not reside within the AS. Allows traffic to reach another network. ISPs are an example

Stub. Either the source node or the destination node must exist within an AS. does not allow transit traffic.

32
Q

Router in an AS can have three different roles

A

Interior router. Arranged inside an AS and the admin controls them. Do not provide connections to external networks

Exterior router. Entirely outside of an AS. Router only matters if they handle data from the AS. Ex. Routers they operate on the Internet backbone

Border router. Situated on the edge of an AS. Have one or more interfaces inside the AS and one or more interfaces that provide a connection to remote networks.

33
Q

List the three different routing methods in AS

A

Inside an autonomous system. Data transmission begins at a workstation and does not leave the AS. nodes use ARP to obtain the local destinations MAC address

Between adjacent networks. Adjacent networks share border router and delivers data to the correct border router which passes the data on to the appropriate network.

Between distant networks. Data moves from default gateway to default gateway until it reaches a router that knows a route to the requested destination. Or the TTL expires

34
Q

Describe dynamic routing

A

Using specially designed software routing tables are created and updated by the routers themselves as they transmit data.

35
Q

In distance-vector routing each router

A

Passes a copy of its routing table to its neighbor. Adding the route to its own table. Prevents routing loops. Also maintains a table of minimum distances to every node. Distance is given as hop count. When a router has two routes to the same network it selects the lowest hop count.
RIP routing information protocol implements this kind of routing.

36
Q

Wha this link state routing

A

Floods routing information to all routers within s network. Attempts to build and maintain a more complex route database with more information about the network. Such as quality, bandwidth, and availability.
The Open Shortest Path First OSPF protocol implements this routing.

37
Q

In hybrid routing

A

She’s both distance vector and link state routing methods. Link cost and network bandwidth age considered before deciding upon the best route.

38
Q

Path-vector routing is

A

Used in inter domain routing. A router keeps track of the route from itself to the destination. Can treat entire AS as nodes. As exterior routers pass routing Info from one to the next each adds its presence to the path and forwards the route to the next AS.
Designed to scale up to larger networks.

39
Q

What is route convergence

A

The period of time between a network change and the router updating its routing tables to reach a steady state again.

40
Q

What is routing loops

A

A routing process in which two routers discover difference routes to the same location that include each other but have incorrect information and never mr each an endpoint.
Best prevention is proper router configuration

41
Q

Count to infinity loops

A

Occurs when a router or network goes down and one of the other routers does not realize that it can no longer reach the route.

42
Q

Router discovery protocols are used to identify routers on the network. What are some

A 
RIP. Routing information protocol. 
RIPv2
BGP
IGRP interior gateway routing protocol
EIGRP enhanced IGRP
OSPF open shortest path first 
IS-IS intermediate system to intermediate system
43
Q

Describe RIP

A

A distance vector routing protocol. Broadcasts the entire routing table every 30 seconds. Places a lot of discovery traffic on the network
Easy to configure. Works well inside simple AS. best deployed in small networks with fewer numbers of routers and in a non dynamic environment.

44
Q

Describe RIPv2

A

Enhances RIP by having next hop addressing. Includes IP address information in routing tables. And has password authentication and uses a key to authenticate routing information to a router
Subnet masks and multicast addressing

45
Q

Describe BGP

A

Border gateway protocol

A path vector routing protocol used to establish routing between ISPs. Used to connect Internet backbones.

46
Q

Describe IGRP

A

Interior gateway routing protocol
A distance vector routing protocol developed by Cisco an an improvement over RIP & RIPv2
Designed to be deployed on interior routers within an AS. can support multiple routes to the same network and load balancing across routers with identical metrics.

47
Q

Describe EIGRP

A

enhanced interior gateway routing protocol
A proprietary routing protocol by Cisco considered a hybrid protocol. Includes features that support VLSM and classful and classless subnet masks

48
Q

Describe OSPF

A

open shortest path first
A link state routing protocol on IP Internetworks. Uses the info in it database to build the shortest path possible to destinations on the Internetwork. Requires more memory and CPU Resource

49
Q

Describe IS-IS

A

Intermediate system to intermediate system

A link state routing protocol that is ISO network layer protocol. Similar to OSPF but is able to support more routers

50
Q

What is STP

A

the spanning-tree protocol.
A layer 2 protocol used for routing and prevents network loops by adopting a dynamic routing method. Establishes routes on the network by creating virtual circuits. Helps switches achieve a loop free path by determining the ports that should be forwarding data and the ports that should be blocked to create a single loop free path.

51
Q

What is CARP

A

Common Address Redundancy Protocol
Allows a number of computers to be grouped together to use a single virtual network interface between them.

One of the computers acts as a master and responds to all packets sent to that virtual interface address. All others are not spares. If the master fails one of the spares takes over

52
Q

What is a virtual LAN VLANS

A

A LAN in which the network components can be connected even when they are not on the same LAN segment. It is a logical network without the physical characteristics of a LAN
includes a configurable managed switch known as VLAN switch which can build a logical network in any required configuration

53
Q

IEEE 802.1q a networking standards that

A

Supports VLANs in an Ethernet based network. A popular protocol for tagging.
Tagging is when a switch assigns the VLAN id info to a packet.

54
Q

Another popular protocol for tagging

A

Inter-Switch Link ISL

A Cisco proprietary protocol for tagging packets and associating them with a particular VLAN on legacy switches.

55
Q

Types of VLANs

A

Port based
MAC address based
Subnet based

56
Q

A VLAN switch is

A

A manageable switch used in VLANs. It enables the network admin to configure the network in a logical topology. Can tie any of its interfaces together into a logical subnet with all the characteristics of a physical subnet

57
Q

What is a VTP

A

VLAN Trunking Protocol
A messaging protocol used on VLANs developed by Cisco. The main function of VTP is to advertise the switching info and configuration changes on a VLAN through all the switches on a network.

58
Q

Describe a SOHO network

A

Small Office a Home Office network is a small network that can comprise up to 10 nodes. Can be wired or wireless. It is necessary that all the computers in a SOHO network be present at the same physical location. Can include switches and routers.

Network (15 decks)

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