LAM I Final Material Flashcards
What is the FIRST thing you should do for tx?
Heavy dose of xylazine BEFORE NG tube
What is the primary cause for choke?
Bolting
Ascarid Impactions are typically seen in _________aged horses. What is important to remember when treating?
Young
Do not kill all worms at once->obstruction
What is the most common FB sen in a horse?
What is it most commonly caused by?
Ileal impaction
Burmuda grass
Muscular Dystrophy is hypertrophy of the smooth mm of the ileum most frequently seen in _____aged horses. It is associated with _______
Older
Tape worms
What is the most common cause of adhesions?
Peritonitis (usually 2º to previous abdominal sx)
To be classified as a strangulating volvulus the SI must twist_____º. If > than ______º venous supply is compromised. If > than_______º arterial supply is compromised
180º
>180º
>270º
Volvulus is most commonly seen in what age group? What is the 2 most common causes in a foal
Young horses
What is a stangulating lipomas and what age group is it usually seen in?
Pedunculated fat mass at the end of a fibrovascular stock
Older (9-10yrs)
What is the most common type of internal herniation and which way does it usually migrate?
Epiploic foramen
RIGHT-LEFT
What age group is Epiploic foramenal herniation usually occur in and why?
Older horses due to splenic shrinkage w/ age creates space for movemenet
What behavior is commonly associated w/ Epiploic heriations?
Cribbing
If you have a Diaphragmatic hernia, what will the abdominocentesis look like? What will you feel on palpation
Normal
Missing SI because its all up in the chest cavity
Intussusception is commonly seen in what age group?
What is the most classic C/S?
Young
What location is usually involved in intussusception?
Ileum & ileocecal junction
DPJ’s are commonly associated w/ __________. What color reflux will you see?
Clostridum (difficile)
Orange-brown
Bloating in the Rt flank is associated w/?
Cecal tympany
Where is the most common location for a non-strangulating large colon?
Pelvic flexure
T/F: In non-strangulating large colon cases it is important to feed the horse to maintain GI stasis
FALSE: DO NOT FEED THE HORSE= MAKES IT WORSE. Stasis is already compromises
What is the medical tx for sand impactions?
Psyllium (metamucil)
What is the most common cause of enterlithiasis?
Where in the Us do we usually see this
Alfalfa hay
**CA, IN, FL
If you take a horses to surgery and remove a round enterolith what does this mean? What is its triangular?
Round= only 1, go head and close up Triangle= you better keep looking cause its not alone!
What (specifically) are enteroliths composed of?
Mg+ ammonium phosphate
Where to enteroliths usually like to lodge themselves?
In transverse or R dorsal colon
T/F: you can differentiate Rt and Lt dorsal displacement based on rectal palpation
False, can only determine surgically
What enzyme do we care about with dorsal displacement?
Elevated GGT and bile salts= obstructed biliary tree
Lt dorsal displacement = _______
Nephrosplenic Entrapment
Nephrosplenic entrapment is generally seen in what breeds?
Lg breed (drafts/warm bloods)
What is the medical therapy for Lt dorsal displacement?
Phenylephrine + rolling them
What is a major concern about treating Nephrosplenic entrapment?
You need to anesthetize them to tx = Big horses= myopathy
Large colon torsion is a type of strangulating torsion of the ______. What degree is needed for it t be considered a complete volvulus?
Ceco-colic mesentary
>270º
What horses is the poster-child for Lg colon torsion?
Broodmares; having baby= open space= room for movement
What is the most painful colic?
Lg colon torsion = strangulating
What are the 3 infectious inflammatory causes of Lg intestinal problems we discussed?
- Salmonella
- Potomac Horse Fever
- Clostridium
What are the 3 Nutritional inflammatory causes of Lg intestine problems
- Grain overload
- Blister Beetles
- Sand Enteropathy
Salmonella is induced by_______via asymptomatic carriers. What are the 3 signs that point to salmonella?
Stress
- fever
- D+
- Leukopenia
T/F: you cannot call a horse negative for salmonella till you have obtained 3 negative fecal cultures
True
What is Potomac Horse Fever?
What is it caused by?
Neorickettsia
Ingestion of flukes/snails/bird droppings
If the exam states the horse is housed by water or a pond its most definatly ➡️
POTOMAC HORSE FEVER
What are 3 characteristic signs of PHF?
High Fever >104-106
D+
Laminitis
What is the medical tx for PHF? What is the problem w/ this tx?
Oxytet
CAN CAUSE SALMONELLA- tx w/ TMS or Pred if both are present
How do horses generally get clostridium?
It is part of normal gut flora. Abx cause it to become pathogenic
What is a common C/S of clostrodium?
What is the medical tx for clostridium?
Hemmorragic D+
Metronidazole
How do horses get Blister Beetle toxicosis?
Alfalfa hay…the little fuckers hang out in there
What is the most painful colic you will see?
Blister beetle toxicosis
Blister Beetle toxin= ________
cantharidin
What are some C/S of blister beetle toxicosis?
Dysuria Pigmenturia Low SG HYPOcalcemia ➡️ SDFs METABOLIC ACIDOSIS
Tr dorsal displacement is caused by:
Phenylbutazone
Cyathostomiasis=______
Small strongyls
What is the DOC for tx of small strongyles? What do you need to be careful of?
Benzimidazole
DO NOT KILL ALL AT ONCE= OBSTRUCTION
What are the normal values for Bilirubin?
Total: 0-1.8
Direct: 0-0.2
Indirect: 0-1.6
What are the hepatic triad (there is actually 4) of C/S?
- icterus- fasting = accumulation
- hepatic encephalopathy = backup of ammonia
- photosensitization = erythema
- clotting disorders
What is important about the gallbladder of a horse?
THE DONT HAVE ONE
What clotting factor is first to go?
Factor 7
What will you see w/ hepatic cases in regards to hyperbilirubinemia?
- direct= normal
- indirect= increased
Theiler’s Dz is caused by:
Tetnus anti-toxin vaccine
What age is Theiler’s disease usually seen in?
Younger horses (getting vaccinated)
Choke is characterized by ________nasal discharge, neck stretching and a palpable distention in the neck. What is the number 1 complication?
Feed tinged
Aspiration pneumonia
