Lagos Case Study

Question 1

What is Lagos

Answer 1

A magacity in nigeria. City population is over 21 million people

Question 2

Lagos location

Answer 2

located at outlet of Lagos lagoon on the Atlantic western coast. Location is ideal for ports

Question 3

Lagos transport connections

Answer 3

Well connected roads to other major towns in Nigeria e.g Abuja

International port and airport making it an important centre for regional and global trade

Question 4

Lagos CBD

Answer 4

Lagos island

Modern high-rise officd buildings,local gov headquaters and bamks

Question 5

Lagos inner city

Answer 5

Mushin
Older, high density, low quality houses

Ikeja
Large industrial estate built in the 1960s with factories

Question 6

Lagos suburbs

Answer 6

Victoria island
Mkdern high class residential and commercial - lots of businesses and shops

Question 7

Lagos rural-urban fringe

Answer 7

Ojo
Sprawling,low density new housinh on the outskirts of the city

Lekki
New industrial zone and port being built

Question 8

Lagos growth has caused change in land use

Answer 8

City has expanded outwards, lots forcing people forced to move to rural-urban fringe as couldnt afford rising house prices on inner city

Land has been reclaimed from the lagoon. Land around the CBD is in high demand ans very valuable so artificial islands have been built e.g banana island are built on reclaimed land and contain huge houses in gates communities

Previous empty areas are now built on e.g slums are built on areas of wastlands. In other undesirable locations like makoko people have built wooden huts on stilts in the lagoon

Question 9

People in lagos have more opportunities

Answer 9

Income are about 4 times higher in lagos than those in rural areas and informal sector jobs mean most people can find a way of making monkey. Huge population mean there is a large market for services

Lagos is home to many of the country’s banks, gov departments and manufacturing industries. There are two major ports and a fishing industry. Rapid growth of city means there are lots of contruction jobs

There are more health care centres and hospitals and a better range of medicine in Lagos and better access to higher education- lagos has 6 unis

Question 10

Lagos challenges

Answer 10

Squatter settlements

Poor employment conditions

Water supply

Traffic congestion

Question 11

Lagos squatter settlement

Answer 11

Over 60% of city population live in slums

Houses are flimsy, wooden huts. These are illegally built, people face eviction if slums are demolished to clean up the city

The only electricity comes from illegal connections that often cut off

High levels of crime with gangs that patrol committing crimes and acting as police in slum area

Question 12

Lagos poor employment conditions

Answer 12

There arent enough formal jobs for the growing population

About 60% of population work in informal jobs

There’s no protection for informal workers. Street-sellers stores are bulldozed to make way for new developments and road widening

Lots of people live on less than $1.25 per day

Question 13

Lagos water supply

Answer 13

Only about 40% of the city is connected to the state water supply. These pipes are old and rusty, the water often gets contaminated with sewage

Sate water company supplies less than half of what is needed. Water is in such a shortage that people pay hugely inflated prices to get water from informal sellers

Question 14

Lagos traffic congestion

Answer 14

Lagos has some of the worst traffic cuz:

little investment in transport infrastrucre despite city growing enormously

public transport is limited although there are plans to improve e.g a light rail train

The CBD is on an island with only 3 bridges linking it to the rest of the city

Question 15

Lagos social inequality

Answer 15

Wealthy people
can afford better housing, the very rich can live in gated communities e.g banana island

They can also afford to live closer to work so they dont have to face traffic congestion everyday

Very wealth can afford own electricity generators while Lagos doesnt have enough electricty to generate whole city so neighbourhoods took turns to have electrity

Poor people
Poeple couldnt afford high quality housing end up living in slums on land that regularly floods or is close to polluting factories.

Electricity is not available to the poorest people in slums, meaning they are reliant on polluting cooking stoves or small petrol generators, which cause pollution and reduce quality of life.

Question 16

Lagos corruption

Answer 16

Corruption is very common in Nigeria. The gov can introduce laws e.g to regulate traffic, but the wealthy know they can ignore them and bribe the police if they get caught

Question 17

Sustainability

Answer 17

Improving things for people today without negatively affecting future generations.

Question 18

Gov are trying to make Lagos more sustainable

Answer 18

Improving water supply

improving air quality

Reducing traffic congestion

Question 19

Improving water supply

Answer 19

Gov begun work on a $2.5 billion plan which includes new water treatment plans and distribution networks. In the meantime water kiosks are being introduced, where people can buy water at a lower price than from informal water sellers until they connect

Question 20

improving air quality

Answer 20

Small electricity generators are a big source of air pollution. To improve air quality the government banned the imports of small generators and instead communities are encouraged get together to run one larger generator, which will produce less emissions overall

Question 21

Communities and NGOs are trying to improve Lagos and sustainability

Answer 21

Improving health

Improving City Housing

Improving education

Question 22

Improving Health

Answer 22

CHIEF is an NGO that aims to develop sustainable health care in deprived areas of Lagos by opening community health centres, particulary for disadvantaged woman and children.

They also run education projects in local communities, to make people more aware of health issues

Question 23

Improving City Housing

Answer 23

SEAP is a Nigerian NGO that promotes sustainable livelihood for the poorest people in society. For example it offers small loan to poor communities at affordable rates, so that people can afford to get a mortgage on a house.

Question 24

Improving education

Answer 24

The Oando Foundation is a charity that is aiming to create a sustainable education system in Nigeria by improving school attendance and the quality of education on offer. The foundation involved local communities in each project so they support the school.

Question 25

Top-down advantage

Answer 25

Can achieve large improvements that affect the whole city, e.g the improved water supply should provide enough water for everyone at a low cost by 2020

Can carry out high cost projects that communities or NGOs would struggle to fund

Can address economic, social and environmental sustainability

Question 26

Bottom-up advantage

Answer 26

Planned with the local community so it has their support and can target issues that most concern local people

Often funded by donations from more developed countries or wealthy people, so there’s low cost to the people they help or the Nigerian gov

Question 27

Top-down disadvantage

Answer 27

Often very expensive, e.g Nigeria had to borrow almost $1 billion from the World Bank to fund construction of its light rail

May not help those most in need, e.g the ban on small generators affects the poor more than the rich as they are less able to afford cleaner alternatives

Question 28

Bottom-up disadvantage

Answer 28

Small scale so project reach fewer people

Funds are limited - escpially during economic recession when the need may be greatest. Schemes often rely on people in more developed countries

Can lack coordination as there may be several NGOs with the same aims working separately