Development Dynamics Flashcards
Aspects of development
Social, economic & political
GDP
Grows Domestic Product. Total valve of goods and services country produced in year
GDP per capita
(Also called GDP per head) GDP divided by the population of a country
GNI
Gross National Income. Total valve of goods and service country produced in year,including overseas
Gender Inequality Index
Data showing:
Woman education
Access to jobs
Political rights
How to measure health
Doctors per 1000 population
Number of working doctors per thousand
HDI
Human Development index. Number thats calculated using life expectancy, education level and income per head. Measured between 0-1
Corruption index
Measure level of corruption believed exist in public sector. Lower score more corrupt
Why HDI is considered a composite indicator
Take in account of more factors of countries development
Birth rate
Number of live babies born per year
Death rate
Number of deaths per thousand of population per year
Fertility
Average number of babies per woman
Infant mortality
Number of babies who die under 1 year old per thousnad and babies born
Maternal mortality
Number of woman who die due to pregnancy related problems per hundred thousand
Life expectancy
How long average people live for
What does population pyramids show
Show the distribution of various age groups in a population forming a pyramid shape
Concave population pyramids shows
Developing country
Convex population pyramids shows
Developed country
Topography
Shape of land
Factors that can affect development of country
Climate
If a country has a poor climate too hot or too cold not much will grow. This reduces amount of food produced which can lead to malnutrition. Malnourished have low quality of life
Topography
If the land in a country is steep then it wont produce a lot of food. Steep land also leads to difficult to develop infrastructure, eg roads
Health
Lack of clean water and poor health care means that many people suffer for diseases such as malaria and cholera
Explain how historical factors have caused global inequality
European countries colonised much of Africa in the 19th century. They controlled the economies of their colonies removed raw materials and slaves and sold back expensive manufactured goods. This was bad for Africa development as Africa had to depend of Europe leading to famine and malnutrition
Rostow Theory
1)Traditional society
Agriculture
2)Precondition for take-off
Manufacturing starts to develop. Roads, power networks
3)Take-off
Large-scale industrialisation. Increasing wealth
4)Drive to maturity
Economy grows standard of living increases. Widespread use of tech
5)Mass consumption
Lots of trade. People are wealthy
Neo-colonialism
Richer countries to take advantage of cheap raw materials and labour available in poorer countries
Globalisation
Business or organisation develop international influence or start operating on a international scale
How improved tech enables globalisation
Improved IT like email and internet and phones can carry info faster. This allows quicker and easier communication
Improvement in transport allows suppliers to get to places quicker
How TNC help increase globalisation
TNCs increase globalisation by linking together countries through the production and sale of goods
How government help increase globalisation
Free trade
Government increase globalisation by promoting free trade by reducing tariffs to attract investors
Privatisation
Governments hand over services and industries to private companies
Why countries like India benefit from globalisation
Country has cheap land/labour
Lots of cheap raw materials
Government open to foreign investment
Social factors that cause global inequalities
Education
Educated people produces a more skilled workforce meaning that the country can produce more goods and offer more services. This can bring money into country through trade/investment
Political factors that caused global inequalities
Corrupt government can hinder development eg taking money thats intended for building new infrastructure
NGO
Non-government organisation
IGO
Inter-government organisation
Top-down approach
A government, large organisation or TNC make decisions about how to increase development and direct the project
Bottom-up approach
Local people and communities decide on ways to improve things for their own community. Non-government organisation are often involved
Top-down approach scale/aims
Often large scale project like dams
Aims to solve large scale problems and improve the lives of lots people
Top-down approach funding
Usually expensive and are funded by government or TNCs. Can also be funded by loans like the World Bank
Top-down approach tech
Projects are often high-tech and energy intensive. The construction usually involves machinery and tech which is often operated by skilled workers from developed countries
Bottom-up approach scale/aims
Usually small-scale like building or maintaining a well in village.
Ai,s to improve the quality of life for the poorest and most vulnerable people in society
Bottom-up approach funding
Usually cheap. Most money comes from charities which often rely on donations from people in richer countries
Bottom-up approach tech
Projects involves intermediate tech. Local materials are used and local people are employed. This means they have the materials and skills to maintain the project
NGO advantages
Projects are designed to address to the needs of people local to where the projects are carried out
Locally available. Cheap materials are used so the community isnt dependent on expensive import
NGO disadvantage
Often small scale so dont benefit every
IGO advantage
Can afford to fund large infrastructure
Projects can improve countries economy
IGO disadvantage
Large scale projects are expensive
If government is corrupt they may use the money for their own purposes
Site
exact location
situation
relates to its surrounding features, both human-made and natural.
