Challenges Of An Urbanising World Flashcards
Urbanisation is happening faster in poorer countries
urbanisation is predicted to continue at a fast rate in regions that still have large rural areas
in general fastest rates of urbanisation are in developed countries
What is urbanisation
Urbanisation is the growth in the proportion of a country’s population living in urban areas
What are megacities
Urban areas with over 10 million people living there
High rates of urbanisation are leading to megacities
Primate city dominates a country
Urban primavy is when one city dominates the country it is in. These primate cities have a much larger population than other cities in the country
Primate city influence
Economic:
Investment-businesses often locat there attrecting investment in infrastruture and services
migration-there are lots of jobs so people move there to find work. highly-skilled workers are attracted by better opportunities
transport-international ports and airports are often located there,encouraging further investment and migration
Political
powerful businesses are often located there. this means decision can favour city
National migration
when people move to a city in the same country
International migration
When people move from one country to city in another country
Migration is a result of push or pull factors
Migration to a city is affected by push (things the encourage people to leave an area) and pull (things that encourage people to move to the city)
Pull factors
More employment opportunities and higher wages
better standards of living
better health care and education
a safer place with little crime
Push Factors
a shortage of jobs or low wages
poor standard of living
poor healthcare and education
poor environment due to pollution or crime
Economic change lead to migration
Economic change is causing cities in countries of different levels of development to grow or to decline
Economic change in developing country cities
growing:
Rural areas are very poor- improvements in agriculture means fewer farm workers are needed. this leads to national migration to cities as people seek better jobs. There are lots of opportunities in informal sector for low-skilled migrants from rural areas
Some cities have good transport links so trade is focused there providing lots of jobs
Economic change in emerging country cities
growing and some have stabilising populations:
Some cities have become industrial centres - there are lots of manufacturing jobs. Other cities have a rapidly expanding service sector, e.g IT sector in India
As countries get wealthier they are investing in flagships to attract foreign investment. this creates more jobs attacting workers
Economic change in developed country cities
Stable population and others are declining:
de-industrailsation has led to the decline of industrial areas and people move away to find work elsewhere. some cities are still declining e.g Sunderland, however some regenerating, Bristol
Two types of employment sectors
formal
informal
Formal sector
Employment officially recognised
workers are protected by the laws of the country
there are rules about how many hours people can work, age of workers and health and safety
Workers pay tax to government out of wages they earn
Informal sector
Employment unofficial
jobs arent taxed or regulated by the gov
people often work long hours in dangerous conditions for little pay
4 types of economic sectors
Primary
Secondary
Tertiary
Quaernary
Primary
Involves collecting raw material, e.g farming, fishing, mining and foresty
Secondary
Involves turning a product into another (manufacturing)
Tertiary
Involves providing a service. anything from financial service, nursing and retail to police force and transport
Quaternary
Information economy e.g research and development, where scientists and researchers investigate and develop new products
Land use in cities
Commercial
Industrial
Residentail
Commercial
Office buildings, shopping centres and hotels
Industrial
Factories, warehouses
Residential
anything that people can live in
District zones
CBD
Inner city
Suburbs
Rural-urban fringe
CBD
Central business district has commercial and public buildings
High density of buildings and the meeting of major roads
Inner city
Mainly residental (low-class housing) and older industry
Short parallel roads of terraced housing and larger factory buildings
Suburbs
Mainly residential (medium class housing)
short curved streets and cul-de sacs
Rural-urban fringe
mix of commercial and residental (high class)
more green space between built-up areas and clusters of large office buildings or shopping centres with car parks
How is land use influenced
accessibility
Planning regulations
availability
cost
