Ladders 3 Flashcards
KNOWN LIFE HAZARD?
- seen
- heard
- credible source OR person at the scene
Individual rescue action…
IC will forward report to CHIEF OF OPERATIONS
OLT’S
-3-7 stories
-20-25 wide
-50-85 deep
INTERIOR STAIRS TO CELLAR
Roof Ventilation and VISUAL check of sides from this level, done by?
1st LADDER COMPANY
-if 2nd ladder company will not arrive in REASONABLE time, make interior search and removal above fire
CHECKS rear and sides of building?
2nd LADDER COMPANY
-ALL floors above fire floor for search and removal
When 2 LADDER Companies arrive at the SAME TIME but out of response sequence, they shall be guided by?
ALARM BOX ASSIGNMENT
Light fire condition?
a fire which can be extinguished with the operation of one handline and/or hand extinguishers or those that can be readily extinguished without resorting to extinguishing agents
Medium fire condition?
fire which may be extinguished with the operation of 2 handlines
Roof Access at OLT/NLT?
Adjoining
Aerial
REAR fire escape
Interior Stairs NEVER used (only LRFPMD…isolated building..one stairway)
To keep bulkhead door open on roof?
remove UPPER hinge
-these doors are almost always self closing
The absence of heavy smoke/high heat issuing from bulkhead doorway or scuttle, does NOT always indicate ventilation of skylight is not required…
- opening bulkhead door or scuttle will not always give true indication of fire conditions…door to fire area may not be opened
- evaluate other factors when door is OPENED, in determining amount of ventilation
If difficulty is encounter opening the bulkhead door…?
vent skylight FIRST
-warned units by HT and pause after breaking first pane (will also allow roof FF to determine wind direction)
Skylights at roof level may have been removed and openings covered…may be necessary to cut hole over stairway…who should be informed that a saw is needed?
INCIDENT COMMANDER
AFTER removing roof skylight or scuttle….
returns can be opened into cockloft to gain knowledge of conditions or to ventilate
Light/Air Shafts in OLT’s…
enclosed or open
- within or between apts
- can result in extension to one or more apts. on fire floor or floors above
When a cellar fire exposes a DUMBWAiter shaft…
all floors above must be checked for fire extension
In most cases, draft created in shaft will ____lateral extension, in the apts. in exposed building allowing time for occupants to use means of egress or for members to remove them.
DELAY
-shaft fire in occupied OLT, the extreme life hazard on fire floor and floor above demands immediate forcible entry-search/removal in FIRE BUILDING (NOT EXPOSURE)
Reduce fire building and exposure hazard in shafts by…
CLOSING WINDOWS
- removing drapes, shades, curtains
- draft in shaft will reduce horizontal extension, during INITIAL STAGES
while awaiting hoselines..members may use pots, pans to extinguish fire around shafts
-apts. in shaft on same line, it may be easier to use fire escapes than force doors
Dumbwaiter shaft fires…
- all units must be IMMEDIATELY NOTIFIED
- top floor, cockloft and cellar must be checked asap
- fire reported in dumbwaiter shaft- ROOF should vent dumbwaiter bulkhead–not great volume of smoke venting–could indicate blockage
members should not place ANY part of their body in shaft
Dumbwaiter shaft fires…
- all units must be IMMEDIATELY NOTIFIED
- top floor, cockloft and cellar must be checked asap
- fire reported in dumbwaiter shaft- ROOF should vent dumbwaiter bulkhead–not great volume of smoke venting–could indicate blockage
members should not place ANY part of their body in shaft
Open shafts are generally located?
TOWARD THE REAR
- if possible, roof should move along front wall
- to alert members of openings, place skylight or scuttle covers upside down on roof
- poor visibility/heavy smoke—crouch/kneel—probe roof with swinging tool or leg
- do not step over parapet or wall without first feeling with tool
When momentarily BLINDED by smoke/darkness and NO immediate danger..
may be best for member to REMAIN IN PLACE until visibility is restored
When venting a window…? (photos- 5.3.1)
- from roof- avoid standing directly above
- from fire escape-vent window unaccessible by fire escape first
Metal gates…
always on ROOM SIDE of window- to remove, first require opening or removal of window
-use fork or adz to pull gat loose at side OPPOSITE LOCKING DEVICE (
Opening window with FORK end ….?
CENTER of window..PUSH DOWN
Using Halligan to climb on bulkhead…
- fork end down and adz end up
- coping present- hang 6 ft hook on it
- climb hook- use downward pressure don’t use feet against wall
- trying to reach top of bulkhead with both hands
NEVER…
attempt to climb onto or off a bulkhead or similar type structure at a spot near or next to an open shaft or near building wall that faces on a shaft, areaway courtyard or street
Use removed door and halligan to gain access to bulkhead…(photo- 5.3.3)
drive HOOK OF HALLIGAN into roof
- position door against bulkhead at angle of 30-45 degrees with the roof
- halligan will serve as stop
- halligan shall be PARALLEL to door
- door used as ramp
After gaining access to bulkhead..Roof FF should…
GET OFF, SAME PLACE where he gained access
-when in doubt, drop tool and listen for sound
Bulkhead door, if tight against door jamb…which part will be pull outward?
bottom of the door..work up with adz/fork
-use hook to hold advantage
When pushing down ceiling with hook..?
REVERSE, so wires don’t snag hook end
4 window per floor and FRONT FIRE ESCAPE…indicates?
3 or 4 apts. per floor with ANOTHER FIRE ESCAPE IN REAR
Dangerous exception?
RAILROAD FLATS WITH NO REAR FIRE ESCAPE…FRONT FIRE ESCAPE IS ONLY SECONDARY MEANS OF EGRESS…
NOTIFY IC immediately
How else can we determine number of apts. per floor?
- mailboxes
- apt. numbering and lettering system: 1S and 1N will generally mean 2 apts. per floor…any other numbering frequently indicates more than 2
When forcing entry into apt. with 2 doors…choose?
door NORMALLY USED for entry
- other doors may be obstructed
- most railroad flats have kitchen in rear-so that will normally be the entrance door
Under NO Conditions should CORNICE be opened for SMOKE
if there is doubt-open from ceiling below
-smoke issuing from cornice is NOT positive evidence of fire in cockloft
Roof openings to relieve fire conditions in cockloft or top floor should?
be cut DIRECTLY OVER FIRE
-soft spots, melting snow, steam, sense of touch at base of soil/waste pipes, looking over edge, HT communications
A rapidly rising column of smoke, with particles or embers ascending to higher levels, visible over the roof top of the building is ….
indication that FIRE is in an OPEN SHAFT
large quantity of black smoke- fire near top of building (burning tar)
Primary Search ?
immediate search for life…rapid, thorough and systematic
Secondary Search?
thorough and painstakingly complete search
entire perimeter of building and all shafts , basements and cellars
When searching or examining a number of apartments…?
it may be quicker to enter from the related fire escape then to force numerous doors
If opening door on fire floor and finding conditions too sever to enter before ENGINE COMPANY…
probe area with a hand or tool, then close door, being careful that door does not lock
When operating on floors above the fire…members should ?
force one or more doors on each floor to provide an area of refuge (HRFPMD…only force apt. directly above…except for certain circumstances)
Cribs are indicated by ?
narrow, tapered legs, possible wheels
High chairs?
narrow legs/close together
Low mattress may be part of…
bunk bed
When venting windows from fire escape..?
- first check for heat
- see if they show cracks from heat
- look for discoloration (generally brownish from heat)
first vent window OFF fire escape
All member should carry ____ for venting of windows on lower floors, guide line during search, raising or lowering tools or hose?
UTILITY CORDS
Roof cut…initial size?
3’x6’ COFFIN CUT
-it can be quickly expanded to larger hole
Wind direction while cutting?
Ideally at your BACK
CUTS?
cut 1- 3 feet
cut 2- knock out-corner cut for tool
cut 3- 6 feet
cut 4- 3 feet
-leave removed pieces next to opening to warn operating forces
make sure roof is NOT OPENED before cut is completed
-push down to complete ventilation
Fire burning in top floor apartment…
NOT EFFICIENT to wait until fire is knocked down before examining cockloft
-early inspection can be made by going to a room ADJACENT to fire
If fire is seen burning in cockloft…?
do not expand hole, UNITL CHARGE HOSELINE is in place
-while waiting, good practice to vent windows in the apartment
Avoid cutting holes outside?
bulkhead doors, gooseneck ladders or other paths of travel (different from trench)
-member cutting roof ALWAYS assured of way of getting off
Effective roof ventilation at top floor fires that have extended to cockloft will be…
adversely affected or nullified by operations of STREAMS into or immediately above these roof openings
-will handicap or halt interior attack on top floor
Order of preference for breaching wall?
H.H.A.
halligan
hook
axe
- start low-punch hole, slightly below waist level
- tool placed in bay, bottom anchored against opposite side of partition..FF then pulls tool toward themselves…short strokes (photo)
- use swim move or reduced profile to move through opening
Hanging ends of cable such as electric (BX), telephone and coaxial television shall be…
SECURED near ceiling
-loops pushed up out of way
Officers hall not permit any material to be thrown out windows UNNECESSARILY…
- MEMBER should ALWAYS be posted in yard/street below to prevent injuries
- EXAMINATION of yard must be made before discarding material, to assure NO OCCUPANTS have jumped
-NO MATERIAL thrown onto ROOF of buildings or NARROW shafts or setbacks
Post control overhauling?
after fire is UNDER CONTROL
When checking for extension, how many sides are examined?
6 sides:
4 walls
ceiling
floor
No immediate signs of burning?
examine by touch
Top floor fire with cockloft extension..?
sweep cockloft with stream, if necessary
Partitions that separate OLT’s are Not FIRE STOPPED between ceiling of one floor and the under side of the floor above…this permits?
lateral extension across building…may result in extension/heavy smoke in apartment on floor above…NOT directly above fire apt…but adjoining apt.
Heat detected at BASE of soil pipe..?
inspection holes shall be cut
Fire floor- responsibility of 1st arriving ladder (after fire is KNOCKED DOWN) to determine extension…communicate to?
INCIDENT COMMANDER AND LADDER COMPANY ON FLOOR ABOVE
Fire floor- responsibility of 1st arriving ladder (after fire is KNOCKED DOWN) to determine extension…communicate to?
INCIDENT COMMANDER AND LADDER COMPANY ON FLOOR ABOVE
- ceiling first- working from most intense point to clean area–examine ceiling light fixture area
- examine horizontal/vertical voids
- boxed out protrusions
- steel columns (if involved, entire length should be examined, up to highest point/cockloft)
- closets/walls/floors
Floor above- 2nd truck…
- smoke condition is not enough reason to believe fire has extended to this floor
- high temp/crackling/fiery glow are reasons
If a wall/partition is TOO HOT to keep the hand on…?
should be OPENED UP
-fire found in a bay, it and BOTH ADJOINING bays should be examined
Officer assigned to overhaul floor above..?
should examine floor where fire originated
- if fire found extending to floor above- probing holes made in the same bay/bays until outer edge of fire is defined
- ceiling or walls not fully opened until CHARGE LINE IN POSITION
Pulling ceilings…
6 foot hook
- beams in OLTs-parallel to front and rear
- lath attached at right angles to beam
- penetrate ceiling with hook end parallel to lath, then turn to form right angle to lath and pull with short, sharp strokes close to beam
- do not stand directly BELOW the ceiling, keep work in front of you-eye shields worn
sheet rock falls in large heavy sections
Cutting floor at tenement fires…
cuts are parallel to the joist
-made close to opposite joists of the bays adjoining the one we wish to expose
Primary method-
A. SAW
B. AXE- 60 degree angle and on bias…(easier than cutting across grain)
Trimming window or door?
- complete removal of window frame is seldom required
- removal of trim is generally sufficient
- start at top or bottom corner or joint and work along prying the molding out from wall
when performing overhaul operations.
ALL members must wear PPE , including bunker coat, pants, boots, helmets, hoods, gloves
Hanging ends of cable such as electric (BX), telephone and coaxial television shall be…
SECURED near ceiling
-loops pushed up out of way
- holes in floor, place door over them /larger holes use roof door or ladder
- dangerous for more than one or two members to use tool at the same time in a small area, such as rooms in OLT.
Officers hall not permit any material to be thrown out windows UNNECESSARILY…
- MEMBER should ALWAYS be posted in yard/street below to prevent injuries
- EXAMINATION of yard must be made before discarding material, to assure NO OCCUPANTS have jumped
-NO MATERIAL thrown onto ROOF of buildings or NARROW shafts or setbacks
Floor joists or roof joists should NOT be removed if complete extinguishment can be accomplished in any other manner…
LINTELS in brick walls over exterior doorways and windows SHOULD NOT BE REMOVED, regardless of charring
WOOD STRUCTURAL members DEEPLY CHARRED may be removed from building
REMOVAL OF Involved materials into enclosed shafts or roofs of setback is ..?
NOT PERMITTED
BEFORE leaving premises?
- all broken glass must be trimmed from window frames so that glass shards will not fall
- replace or position drop ladders
- check for all tools and equipment
SIZE UP
TIME-GOVERNS LIFE HAZARD (tenement fire is MORE serious at night)
LIFE-MOST serious factor at any fire
AREA- large areas generate fires of great intensity , heavy volumes of smoke and sever heat
Height- building height will govern use of aerial or TL
OCCUPANCY- will determine severity of life hazard and intensity of fire (e.g. commercial occupancy will increased fire load on first floor and apartments above )
Exposures- may be adjoining buildings or areas with the fire building itself (auto exposure ), floor to floor via windows, and across shafts to adjoining apartments )
INSIDE TEAM..
ensure entry doors at STREET LEVEL are chocked open (don’t confuse with apt door being controlled )
NOTIFY IC/ENGINE OFFICER of the location of the fire apt. and when you enter to search
-communicate location of fire, fire conditions, difficulty finding the fire to ENGINE OFFICER/IC
- CONTROL FLOW PATH UNTIL CHARGED HOSELINE ADVANCING INTO THE FIRE AREA
- PENETRATE TO SEAT OF FIRE AND CONTAIN BY SHUTTING DOOR OR USING PORTABLE EXTINGUISHER…A THROUGH PRIMARY SEARCH MUST BE STARTED AT THIS POINT (not before you find the fire )..verify all areas of fire apt. have been covered
first due LCC..
- positIon apparus for complete coverage, unable to do so, notify IC/COMPANY OFFICER
- LCC shall remain at turntable when members have entered the building by aerial ladder and are in PRECARIOUS positions such as FLOOR OVER HEAVY FIRE, ROOF OF A BUILDING WITH HEAVY FIRE CONDITIONS, ETC…keep alert of who and where members using the aerial ladder
- if aware that 2nd ladder will not arrive in reasonable time, team up and go above the fire
- fire escape in front–LCC/OV complimentary
-situation could arise if aerial need for ROOF FF and REMOVE OCCUPANT:
consider following factors
-emotional state of victim (threatening to jump/remove first)
-fire/smoke immediate vicinity of occupancy
-location and severity (rear 1st floor fire , will not normally require immediate removal of occupant from 3rd or 4th floor or higher )
-time element (if any doubt exists, remove occupant)
OV..(1ST DUE).
TOP FLOORS (SAW AND HALLIGAN) -except when assisting LCC with life hazard, assignment is to ventilate fire area from the exterior /horizontal vent..generally done from fire escape
**if location of FIRE APT. is NOT OBVIOUS from exterior of the building, the OV should communicate with their officer (does to say proceed to rear )..once fire location is verified , OV shall reach correct fire escape via wind from a LOWER or ADJACENT apt. or DROP LADDER/PORTABLE AT GROUND LEVEL
STORE FIRE:
-ventilate rear of store…if this would EXPOSE PEOPLE ON FIRE ESCAPE, VENTILATE IMMEDIATELY AFTER HEY ARE OUT OF DANGER
TOP FLOOR FIRE:
- proceed to roof with saw and HALLIGAN and if possible descend fire escap for VEIS (team up with 2nd OV)
- If unable to descend, notify COMPANY OFFICER, coordinate vent of fire apt from roof and then ASSIST ROOF WITH ROOF VENT
ventilation for extinguishment …
OV should time this with ENGINE COMPANY extinguishment of fire …communicate with LCO must be maintained
vent for search..
–OV must receive permission from LCO via HT …
REAR FIRE ESCAPE –OV and ROOF team up
FRONT fire escape - OV and LCC
ROOF (1st due)..
never attempt to climb onto or off a bulkhead or similar type structure at a spot near or next to an open shaft or near a building wall that faces on a shaft, areaway, courtyard or street
ROOF ACCESS: adjoining /aerial/rear fire escape (least desirable )
NEVER USE INTERIOR STAIRS
ALWAYS CONFIRM WAY OFF ROOF AS SOON AS THEY REACH ROOF
1.-UNLESS addressing A know life hazard , upon HEARING RADIO TRANSMISSIONS THAT THE INTERIOR TEAM HAS DOOR CONTROL ON THE FIRE FLOOR, OR CHARGED HOSELINE IS ADVANCING INTO THE FIRE APT., ROOF FF SHOULD IMMEDIATLEY PROCEED TO VENT BULKHEAD AND PEFORM VERTICAL VENTILATION..IF CONDITIONS TENABLE, REACH AND PROBE FOR VICTIMS
- ROOF FF proceed to bulkhead door , when in position and prepared to vent, roof FF should transmit this info to LCO and then begin to force bulkhead door
- if LCO does NOT want vertical vent , the roof ff will not ventilate, however he will still force bulkhead door and probe area then immediately close and control door units officer orders ventilation (if this door cannot be closed and controlled for any reason , notify LCO )
- VERTICAL VENT INCLUDES skylight, ,bulkhead, scuttle (including draft stop)
3. team up with OV to vent fire floor, if not needed vent floors above
4. team up with 2nd roof ff to vent floors above
- top floor fires: ventilate top floor windows from roof level
utilize saw to vent cockloft after initial roof duties - convey info to SECOND LADDER COMPANY…extent of search complete , so that all floors above the fire may receive through search, also when proper examination of exposed interior stairs and public hall has not been made
FIRST DUE LADDER (TOWER LADDER )
interior team –same
LCC- REMAIN AT PEDESTAL
OV- OPERATES AS BASKET FF FOR VENTILATION
ROOF FF- OFFICER may request roof ff to perform ventilation from fire escape (OV IN BUCKET ) AFTER PRELIMINARY ROOF DUTIES COMPLETE..proceed via fire escape to fire floor, team up with 2nd roof
2nd LADDER….inside team
door of apt. , directly over the fire apt., generally most serious exposure
- make officer’s aware on fire floor of your intention before proceeding above
- force one or more doors for area of refuge
- adjoining apt.on floor above may be MORE EXPOSED
- cause through search of ALL FLOORS ABOVE THE FIRE
- ENSURE REAR AND SIDES OF BUILDING ARE CHECKED
TOP FLOOR FIRES: CAN FF SHOULD TAKE 2 HOOKS instead of can
2ND ladder LCC…
-front of fire building, if not needed here, go above team up with 2nd OV
2ND OV..
- ABOVE THE FIRE, unless needed for laddering , rescue,..
- access via fire escape, ladder, adjoining building..buildings with party wall balcony, access via ladders or adjoining
- rear fire escape/rear fire apt.–team up with 2nd roof ff
- front fire escape/fire in front-team up with 2nd LCC
2ND DUE ROOF..
TOP FLOOR FIRES--SAW AND HOOK contact 1st roof to determine: -access to roof -problems -need for assistance -need to seek alternative route
assist and confirm roof duties
-team up with 1st roof or 2nd ov to vent floors above the fire …pay particular attention to TOP FLOOR APTS, INCLUDING PUBLIC HALL
2ND LADDER : VARIATIONS.
FIRES TOP FLOOR/COCKLOFT
-proceed to top floor to assist first ladder in entry and search of ALL TOP FLOOR APTS. (6 ff’s –4 ff’s and 2 officer s)
ROOF–proceed to roof with saw
-assist 1st due roof with roof vent and top floor windows venting
OV-vent fire apt. from fire escape (1st OV will be bringing saw to roof )(2nd OV communicate with 1st LCO WHEN VENTING FIRE APT.)…if first OV HAS VENTED FIRE APT., THEN VENT ADJOINING
LCC-front of building, if not needed proceed TO ROOF
CRITICAL NEED for additional members on top floor is increased when fire building is NLT
