Lactation

Question 1

2 important factors milk provides to offspring

Answer 1

nutrients (fat, protein, carbohydrates and minerals (primarily calcium)) and passive immunity against disease causing microbes

Question 2

colostrum

Answer 2

the first milk provided by the dam, produced for the first 12-24 hours after partition, extremely concentrated in nutrients and contains high concentrations of immunoglobins

Question 3

mammary glands

Answer 3

modified sweat glands, divided into 4 quarters in cows

Question 4

parenchyma

Answer 4

secretory tissue where milk is synthesized, located in the upper 2/3 of the quarter

Question 5

gland cistern

Answer 5

the collecting area for milk after it is synthesized, at the base of the quarter

Question 6

teat cistern

Answer 6

the collecting area for milk in the teat

Question 7

streak canal

Answer 7

the single opening in the teat, held shut by the teat sphincter

Question 8

milk proteins

Answer 8

synthesized by the rough endoplasmic reticulum, packaged into secretory vesicles in the golgi apparatus and released into the lumen by exocytosis

Question 9

lipid droplets

Answer 9

contain milk fat, released into the lumen and pull a portion of the cell membrane off with them (apocrine secretion)

Question 10

Lactose

Answer 10

synthesized in the cytoplasm and is actively transported with minerals across the cell membranes into the lumen

Question 11

osmotic force

Answer 11

created by solutes in the lumen, draws water into the lumen

Question 12

estradiol

Answer 12

stimulates the growth of the cistern area and the ducts that feed

Question 13

progesterone

Answer 13

what the gland is exposed to during pregnancy, promotes the growth of alveoli prolactin also stimulates alveoli growth

Question 14

oxytocin

Answer 14

hormone that controls milk letdown, released from the posterior pituitary gland when nerves in the teat are stimulated by suckling of milking

Question 15

dry

Answer 15

the period when the cow is not lactating

Question 16

persistency

Answer 16

the rate of decline from peak milk production, more persistent cows decline at a slower rate

Question 17

involution

Answer 17

old secretary cells are broken down during the dry period and a new set is produced (regeneration)

Question 18

mastitis

Answer 18

inflammation of the mammary glands caused by pathogenic microorganisms (clinical or subclinical)