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BIOL1103 LAB > LABS 7-11 (PART 2) > Flashcards

LABS 7-11 (PART 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Epidermis

A

Made up of stratified squamous epithelium and lacks blood vessels so nutrients must diffuse into it from underlying tissue

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2
Q

Dermis

A

Deeper tissue layer made of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. It has two regions; papillary and reticular area

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3
Q

Papillary region

A

1/5 of the thickness of dermis, wavy, finger like projections that are thin in most areas of body. Some projections contain touch receptors and free nerve endings to detect temperature, pain and touch

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4
Q

Reticular region

A

Underneath papillary layer containing blood vessels, sudoriferous gland (sweat), and sabaceous gland (oil)

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5
Q

Hypodermis

A

Below dermis composed of areolar and adipose tissue

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6
Q

5 layers of epidermis:

A
  • Stratum basal
  • Stratum spinosum
  • Stratum granulosum
  • Stratum lucidum
  • Stratum corneum
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7
Q

Stratum basal

A

Single row of rapidly dividing cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes (some are stem cells producing new keratinocytes)

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8
Q

Stratum spinosum

A

Thick layer consisting of 8-10 rows of tightly packed cells with spiny appearance

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9
Q

Stratum granulosum

A

3-5 layers of flattened cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death) containing granules that increase in size as cells move towards outside

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10
Q

Stratum lucidum

A

Clear, flat, dead cells located only on especially thick areas such as soles of feet or palms of hand and thickness may vary

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11
Q

Stratum corneum

A

25-50 layers of dead cells containing keratin that regularly shed and constantly replaced. It is stratified squamous epithelium

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12
Q

For a tattoo to be permanent, what layer of the integument must the ink be inserted to and why

A

Ink must be injected into the dermis layer of the skin to be permanent. If ink was injected into the epidermis, the tattoo would not last and will eventually fade/disappear because of the shedding constantly occurring in this region of the skin where new cells replace the cells that shed

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13
Q

Do all 5 fingers have the same pattern

A

No

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14
Q

Do identical twins have the same fingertips

A

No

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15
Q

If the surface of the skin (epidermis) suffers an injury, would the ridges on fingertips grow back in the same pattern? What about dermis

A

If the epidermis is damaged, the ridges will still grow with the same pattern. However, if the dermis is damaged, the original ridge would be altered due to scarring

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16
Q

Physical functions of epidermal ridges (5)

A
  • Decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces
  • Promote interlocking with rough surfaces
  • Channel excess water
  • Prevent blistering
  • Enhance tactile sensitivity
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17
Q

Long bone

A

Cylinder like shape, functions for leverage, eg, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsal, metacarpal, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges

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18
Q

Short bone

A

Cube like shape, functions for stability and support and some motion, eg. Carpals, tarsal

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19
Q

Flat bone

A

Thin and curved, functions as points of attachment for muscles and protect internal organ, eg. Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bone

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20
Q

Irregular bone

A

Complex shape, functions for protecting internal organs, eg. Vertebrae, facial bone

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21
Q

Sesamoid bone

A

Small and rounded (embedded on tendon), functions in protecting tendons from compressive forces, eg. Patallae

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22
Q

Female pelvis characteristics (5):

A
  • Pelvic weight; Lighter and thinner bones
  • Pelvic inlet shape; Round/oval
  • Lesser pelvic cavity shape; Shorter and wider
  • Subpubic angle; Greater than 80 degrees
  • Pelvic outlet; rounder and larger
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23
Q

Male pelvis characteristics (5):

A
  • Pelvic weight; thicker and heavier bones
  • Pelvic inlet shape; Heart shaped
  • Lesser pelvic cavity shape; Longer and narrower
  • Subpubic angle; Less than 70 degrees
  • Pelvic outlet shape; Smaller
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24
Q

Which bone supports the skull

A

Atlas (C1)

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25
Q

What is the unique projection on the axis called

A

Dens or odontoid process

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26
Q

What does the projection on the axis allow for

A

Rotation of the skull

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27
Q

Parts of an osteon (3)

A
  • Osteocytes
  • Haversian canal (Central canal)
  • Lamellae
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28
Q

Bones of the skull

A

Frontal (top), temporal (bottom), maxilla (top), mandible (bottom), parietal, occipital

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29
Q

Synarthrosis

A

Immovable joint

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30
Q

Amphiarthrosis

A

Slightly moveable joint

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31
Q

Diarthrosis

A

Freely moveable joint (flexion/extension, circumduction, rotation, gliding, abduction/adduction)

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32
Q

3 structural classification of joint

A

Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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33
Q

Types of fibrous joints (3)

A
  • Suture –> synarthrosis, between skull bones
  • Syndesmosis –> amphiarthrosis, distal end of fibula and tibula
  • Gomphosis –> synarthrosis, binds teeth to socket
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34
Q

Types of cartilaginous joints (2)

A
  • Synchondrosis –> synarthrosis, epiphyseal plate (temporary)/anterior end of ribs 2-7 and coastal cartilage (permanent)
  • Symphysis –> amphiarthrosis, between two pubic bones/discs between vertebrae
35
Q

Types of synovial joints (all diarthrosis) (6)

A
  • Pivot –> rounded portion of one bone rotates in depression in another bone. ROTATION around single axis (uniaxial), atlandoaxial joint/proximal radioulnar joint
  • Hinge –> surface of one articulating bone is concave and the other is convex. FLEXION/EXTENSION Bending and straightening around single axis (uniaxial), elbow joint/knee/ankle joint/between phalanges
  • Saddle –> ends of both bones are saddle shaped and fit together. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Movement in sagittal and frontal planes (biaxial), carpometacarpal joint/sternoclavicular joint
  • Plane –> articulating surfaces are flat and slightly curved. GLIDING Flat bones slide over each other (uniaxial/biaxial/multiaxial), intercarpal joint/intertarsal joint/acromioclavicular joint/ygapophysial joint
  • Condyloid –> the convex oval shape of one bone fits into concave oval depression in another bone. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Forward backward and side movements (biaxial), knucle joint/radiocarpal joint of wrist
  • Ball and socket –> rounded ball at the end of one bone articulates with rounded depression of another. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION, Bone moving in depression on another bone (multiaxial), hip joint/shoulder joint
36
Q

4 components of lever system:

A
  • Lever arm: Bone or series of bones
  • Fulcrum (movement takes place around this): Body joint or point of contact between body and object
  • Load (what is moved): External object or weight of body being moved
  • Effort (moves load): Muscle contraction
37
Q

Effort arm

A

Distance between fulcrum and force

38
Q

Load arm

A

Distance between fulcrum and load

39
Q

Mechanical advantage (MA)

A

Reduces amount of force required to lift a load or moves a load further than would be possible without lever (mechanical advantage = length of effort arm/length of load arm)

40
Q

First class lever

A

Fulcrum in the middle and can be power or speed levers

41
Q

Second class lever

A

Load in the middle and is a power lever

42
Q

Third class lever

A

Effort in the middle and is a speed lever

43
Q

Given the same length of forearm, what advantages and disadvantages might result if the biceps muscle inserted further from the elbow?

A

If the bicep muscle is inserted farther away from the elbow, the effort arm and effort is farther away from the fulcrum and the resistance arm and resistance is closer to the fulcrum. This means the arm would only need small effort to push resistance, but will be slower and over a small distance

44
Q

What are the implications for longer limbs to activities such as: Weightlifting? Pitching a baseball?

A
  • Weightlifting: Longer arms when weightlifting means more effort has to be exerted against the weight resistance
  • Pitching a baseball: Longer arms when pitching a baseball means more effort can be exerted into the resistance when thrown, so it can go farther.
45
Q

If tony and maria have the same insertion point of biceps branchii, but tony has a larger forearm, what is the advantage of tony?

A

Tony can move the load over a much greater distance in comparison to maria when lifting the same load

46
Q

Basic calculation lever

A

effort x effort arm = load x load arm

47
Q

Effort calculation

A

Effort = load arm/effort arm x mass

48
Q

Nodding head yes

A

Flexion, extension of neck

49
Q

Shaking head no

A

Rotation of head

50
Q

Shrugging shoulders up

A

Elevation of shoulders

51
Q

Lowering shoulder

A

Depression of shoulder

52
Q

Starting in anatomical position and touching left shoulder with right hand

A

Medial rotation of arm, flexion of forearm

53
Q

Returning to anatomical position from touching left shoulder with right hand

A

Lateral rotation of arm, extension of forearm

54
Q

Starting in anatomical position but with palms facing body and raising arm to the side, bending hands 90 degrees so fingers point at ceiling

A

Abduction of arm at shoulder; hyperextension of hand at wrist

55
Q

Lowering hands and arms back down from raising arm to the side bending hands at 90 degrees

A

Adduction of arm at shoulder; flexion of hand at wrist

56
Q

Pulling in abdomen

A

Compression of abdomen

57
Q

Inhaling

A

Elevation of ribs

58
Q

Curling spine forward

A

Flexion of vertebral column

59
Q

Using right leg to kick a ball to the right

A

Abduction of femur

60
Q

Using right leg to kick a ball to the left

A

Adduction of femur

61
Q

Standing up from squatting position

A

Extension of femur, extension of knee and hip joint

62
Q

Standing on balls of feet

A

Plantarflexion of foot

63
Q

Flexing feet towards you with heel on ground

A

Dorsiflexion

64
Q

Kick right buttocks with right foot

A

Flexion of knee

65
Q

Kick left buttocks with right foot

A

Flexion of knee; lateral rotation of leg

66
Q

Lifting knee in climbing position

A

Flexion of knee, flexion of hip

67
Q

Origin

A

Bone remains relatively stable when the muscle contracts

68
Q

Insertion

A

Attaches bone that will move once muscle is contracted

69
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Lines digestive tract, bladder, uterus, arteries and veins and moves food through the digestive tract, controlling size of pupil and assisting to push out urine out of bladder into urethra

70
Q

Smooth muscle structure

A

Involuntary, smooth, non striated, unbranched

71
Q

Cardiac muscle

A

Found within the heart and keeps heart contracting

72
Q

Cardiac muscle structure

A

Involuntary, striated, branched muscle with intercalated discs

73
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Throughout the body attached to bones via tendons and works on skeletal system for movement

74
Q

Skeletal muscle structure

A

Voluntary, striated, unbranched

75
Q

Grip strength

A

Useful tool for assessing variety of sports and medical conditions. Can be used for rehabilitation or to determine the extent of an injury or disease

76
Q

Analysis of grip strength:

A
  • Males have higher grip strength at all ages than females
  • After the 4th decade, grip strength decreases both sexes
  • Dominant hand stronger than non dominant
  • Difference in strength between two hands was less in males
77
Q

If we test finger strength, which fingers do you think would be the strongest/weakest

A

Varies on individual but typically the middle finger as it is the largest and has the strongest muscles supporting them able to provide a better leverage for gripping and tasks. The weakest is typically the pinky finger as it has the fewest and smaller muscles supporting it resulting in less overall strength and grip

78
Q

Calcium function in muscle contraction

A

Calcium is required to unblock the binding site on actin which is covered by a troponin/tropomyosin complex

79
Q

ATP function in muscle contraction

A

Provide energy for myosin to form cross-bridge with actin

80
Q

Glycerination of skeletal muscle

A

Removes ions and ATP from tissue and disrupts the troponin/tropomyosin complex so that the binding sites on the actin fibers are no longer blocked

81
Q

Degree of concentration (%) formula

A

Initial length of strand-final length of strand/initial length of strand x100

82
Q

Why is calcium not required for muscle contraction in this experiment

A

Glycerinated muscle fibers are treated with glycerol, which removes calcium from the muscle cells and disrupts the normal calcium-dependent mechanisms of contraction. It essentially eliminates the calcium-dependent regulatory steps, but the muscle fibers can still contract using ATP as their energy source

83
Q

When ATP was added, the muscle contracted. If the length shortens, how should the width be affected:

A

Width increases as the length shortens because it is all bundled up together

BIOL1103 LAB (4 decks)

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