LABS 7-11 (PART 2) Flashcards
Epidermis
Made up of stratified squamous epithelium and lacks blood vessels so nutrients must diffuse into it from underlying tissue
Dermis
Deeper tissue layer made of dense irregular connective tissue containing collagen and elastic fibers. It has two regions; papillary and reticular area
Papillary region
1/5 of the thickness of dermis, wavy, finger like projections that are thin in most areas of body. Some projections contain touch receptors and free nerve endings to detect temperature, pain and touch
Reticular region
Underneath papillary layer containing blood vessels, sudoriferous gland (sweat), and sabaceous gland (oil)
Hypodermis
Below dermis composed of areolar and adipose tissue
5 layers of epidermis:
- Stratum basal
- Stratum spinosum
- Stratum granulosum
- Stratum lucidum
- Stratum corneum
Stratum basal
Single row of rapidly dividing cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes (some are stem cells producing new keratinocytes)
Stratum spinosum
Thick layer consisting of 8-10 rows of tightly packed cells with spiny appearance
Stratum granulosum
3-5 layers of flattened cells undergoing apoptosis (programmed cell death) containing granules that increase in size as cells move towards outside
Stratum lucidum
Clear, flat, dead cells located only on especially thick areas such as soles of feet or palms of hand and thickness may vary
Stratum corneum
25-50 layers of dead cells containing keratin that regularly shed and constantly replaced. It is stratified squamous epithelium
For a tattoo to be permanent, what layer of the integument must the ink be inserted to and why
Ink must be injected into the dermis layer of the skin to be permanent. If ink was injected into the epidermis, the tattoo would not last and will eventually fade/disappear because of the shedding constantly occurring in this region of the skin where new cells replace the cells that shed
Do all 5 fingers have the same pattern
No
Do identical twins have the same fingertips
No
If the surface of the skin (epidermis) suffers an injury, would the ridges on fingertips grow back in the same pattern? What about dermis
If the epidermis is damaged, the ridges will still grow with the same pattern. However, if the dermis is damaged, the original ridge would be altered due to scarring
Physical functions of epidermal ridges (5)
- Decrease friction when in contact with smooth surfaces
- Promote interlocking with rough surfaces
- Channel excess water
- Prevent blistering
- Enhance tactile sensitivity
Long bone
Cylinder like shape, functions for leverage, eg, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsal, metacarpal, humerus, ulna, radius, phalanges
Short bone
Cube like shape, functions for stability and support and some motion, eg. Carpals, tarsal
Flat bone
Thin and curved, functions as points of attachment for muscles and protect internal organ, eg. Sternum, ribs, scapulae, cranial bone
Irregular bone
Complex shape, functions for protecting internal organs, eg. Vertebrae, facial bone
Sesamoid bone
Small and rounded (embedded on tendon), functions in protecting tendons from compressive forces, eg. Patallae
Female pelvis characteristics (5):
- Pelvic weight; Lighter and thinner bones
- Pelvic inlet shape; Round/oval
- Lesser pelvic cavity shape; Shorter and wider
- Subpubic angle; Greater than 80 degrees
- Pelvic outlet; rounder and larger
Male pelvis characteristics (5):
- Pelvic weight; thicker and heavier bones
- Pelvic inlet shape; Heart shaped
- Lesser pelvic cavity shape; Longer and narrower
- Subpubic angle; Less than 70 degrees
- Pelvic outlet shape; Smaller
Which bone supports the skull
Atlas (C1)
What is the unique projection on the axis called
Dens or odontoid process
What does the projection on the axis allow for
Rotation of the skull
Parts of an osteon (3)
- Osteocytes
- Haversian canal (Central canal)
- Lamellae
Bones of the skull
Frontal (top), temporal (bottom), maxilla (top), mandible (bottom), parietal, occipital
Synarthrosis
Immovable joint
Amphiarthrosis
Slightly moveable joint
Diarthrosis
Freely moveable joint (flexion/extension, circumduction, rotation, gliding, abduction/adduction)
3 structural classification of joint
Fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial
Types of fibrous joints (3)
- Suture –> synarthrosis, between skull bones
- Syndesmosis –> amphiarthrosis, distal end of fibula and tibula
- Gomphosis –> synarthrosis, binds teeth to socket
Types of cartilaginous joints (2)
- Synchondrosis –> synarthrosis, epiphyseal plate (temporary)/anterior end of ribs 2-7 and coastal cartilage (permanent)
- Symphysis –> amphiarthrosis, between two pubic bones/discs between vertebrae
Types of synovial joints (all diarthrosis) (6)
- Pivot –> rounded portion of one bone rotates in depression in another bone. ROTATION around single axis (uniaxial), atlandoaxial joint/proximal radioulnar joint
- Hinge –> surface of one articulating bone is concave and the other is convex. FLEXION/EXTENSION Bending and straightening around single axis (uniaxial), elbow joint/knee/ankle joint/between phalanges
- Saddle –> ends of both bones are saddle shaped and fit together. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Movement in sagittal and frontal planes (biaxial), carpometacarpal joint/sternoclavicular joint
- Plane –> articulating surfaces are flat and slightly curved. GLIDING Flat bones slide over each other (uniaxial/biaxial/multiaxial), intercarpal joint/intertarsal joint/acromioclavicular joint/ygapophysial joint
- Condyloid –> the convex oval shape of one bone fits into concave oval depression in another bone. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUTION, CIRCUMDUCTION Forward backward and side movements (biaxial), knucle joint/radiocarpal joint of wrist
- Ball and socket –> rounded ball at the end of one bone articulates with rounded depression of another. FLEXION/EXTENSION, ABDUCTION/ADDUCTION, CIRCUMDUCTION, ROTATION, Bone moving in depression on another bone (multiaxial), hip joint/shoulder joint
4 components of lever system:
- Lever arm: Bone or series of bones
- Fulcrum (movement takes place around this): Body joint or point of contact between body and object
- Load (what is moved): External object or weight of body being moved
- Effort (moves load): Muscle contraction
Effort arm
Distance between fulcrum and force
Load arm
Distance between fulcrum and load
Mechanical advantage (MA)
Reduces amount of force required to lift a load or moves a load further than would be possible without lever (mechanical advantage = length of effort arm/length of load arm)
First class lever
Fulcrum in the middle and can be power or speed levers
Second class lever
Load in the middle and is a power lever
Third class lever
Effort in the middle and is a speed lever
Given the same length of forearm, what advantages and disadvantages might result if the biceps muscle inserted further from the elbow?
If the bicep muscle is inserted farther away from the elbow, the effort arm and effort is farther away from the fulcrum and the resistance arm and resistance is closer to the fulcrum. This means the arm would only need small effort to push resistance, but will be slower and over a small distance
What are the implications for longer limbs to activities such as: Weightlifting? Pitching a baseball?
- Weightlifting: Longer arms when weightlifting means more effort has to be exerted against the weight resistance
- Pitching a baseball: Longer arms when pitching a baseball means more effort can be exerted into the resistance when thrown, so it can go farther.
If tony and maria have the same insertion point of biceps branchii, but tony has a larger forearm, what is the advantage of tony?
Tony can move the load over a much greater distance in comparison to maria when lifting the same load
Basic calculation lever
effort x effort arm = load x load arm
Effort calculation
Effort = load arm/effort arm x mass
Nodding head yes
Flexion, extension of neck
Shaking head no
Rotation of head
Shrugging shoulders up
Elevation of shoulders
Lowering shoulder
Depression of shoulder
Starting in anatomical position and touching left shoulder with right hand
Medial rotation of arm, flexion of forearm
Returning to anatomical position from touching left shoulder with right hand
Lateral rotation of arm, extension of forearm
Starting in anatomical position but with palms facing body and raising arm to the side, bending hands 90 degrees so fingers point at ceiling
Abduction of arm at shoulder; hyperextension of hand at wrist
Lowering hands and arms back down from raising arm to the side bending hands at 90 degrees
Adduction of arm at shoulder; flexion of hand at wrist
Pulling in abdomen
Compression of abdomen
Inhaling
Elevation of ribs
Curling spine forward
Flexion of vertebral column
Using right leg to kick a ball to the right
Abduction of femur
Using right leg to kick a ball to the left
Adduction of femur
Standing up from squatting position
Extension of femur, extension of knee and hip joint
Standing on balls of feet
Plantarflexion of foot
Flexing feet towards you with heel on ground
Dorsiflexion
Kick right buttocks with right foot
Flexion of knee
Kick left buttocks with right foot
Flexion of knee; lateral rotation of leg
Lifting knee in climbing position
Flexion of knee, flexion of hip
Origin
Bone remains relatively stable when the muscle contracts
Insertion
Attaches bone that will move once muscle is contracted
Smooth muscle
Lines digestive tract, bladder, uterus, arteries and veins and moves food through the digestive tract, controlling size of pupil and assisting to push out urine out of bladder into urethra
Smooth muscle structure
Involuntary, smooth, non striated, unbranched
Cardiac muscle
Found within the heart and keeps heart contracting
Cardiac muscle structure
Involuntary, striated, branched muscle with intercalated discs
Skeletal muscle
Throughout the body attached to bones via tendons and works on skeletal system for movement
Skeletal muscle structure
Voluntary, striated, unbranched
Grip strength
Useful tool for assessing variety of sports and medical conditions. Can be used for rehabilitation or to determine the extent of an injury or disease
Analysis of grip strength:
- Males have higher grip strength at all ages than females
- After the 4th decade, grip strength decreases both sexes
- Dominant hand stronger than non dominant
- Difference in strength between two hands was less in males
If we test finger strength, which fingers do you think would be the strongest/weakest
Varies on individual but typically the middle finger as it is the largest and has the strongest muscles supporting them able to provide a better leverage for gripping and tasks. The weakest is typically the pinky finger as it has the fewest and smaller muscles supporting it resulting in less overall strength and grip
Calcium function in muscle contraction
Calcium is required to unblock the binding site on actin which is covered by a troponin/tropomyosin complex
ATP function in muscle contraction
Provide energy for myosin to form cross-bridge with actin
Glycerination of skeletal muscle
Removes ions and ATP from tissue and disrupts the troponin/tropomyosin complex so that the binding sites on the actin fibers are no longer blocked
Degree of concentration (%) formula
Initial length of strand-final length of strand/initial length of strand x100
Why is calcium not required for muscle contraction in this experiment
Glycerinated muscle fibers are treated with glycerol, which removes calcium from the muscle cells and disrupts the normal calcium-dependent mechanisms of contraction. It essentially eliminates the calcium-dependent regulatory steps, but the muscle fibers can still contract using ATP as their energy source
When ATP was added, the muscle contracted. If the length shortens, how should the width be affected:
Width increases as the length shortens because it is all bundled up together
