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343 > Labs 1-5 > Flashcards

Labs 1-5 Flashcards

1
Q

How are microbes ubiquitous?

A

They exist everywhere and on any surface ie, air, skin

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2
Q

What is contamination?

A

Due to the ubiquitous nature of bacteria these are foreign microbes that putrify a pure substance

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3
Q

What is aseptic technique?

A

These are techniques that are designed to ensure the purity of the researcher and the experiment

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4
Q

What are requirements for naming a plate?

A

1.) Label the side with the agar not the lid
2.) Put the label on the outer edge
3.) Name Surname, Lab Section, Treatment, Date

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5
Q

How do you hold a microscope?

A

One hand supporting the base and the other holding the arm

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6
Q

How do you focus a microscope and use oil?

A

1.) Focus at x10
2.) Switch to x4
3.) Add oil
4.) Switch to x100

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7
Q

What are the requirements for the drawing?

A

1.) Draw reasonably large
2.) Labels to the right
3.) Total magnification
4.) Drawing magnification
5.) Scale
6.) Figure number and caption

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8
Q

How do you calculate the total magnification?

A

Power x Magnification of the microscope
ie 10 x 100 = 1000x

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9
Q

How do you calculate the drawing magnification?

A

(((Drawing mm) x 1000) = um) / (Ocular Divisions->um)

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10
Q

What is 1 ocular division at a 10x microscope?

A

10um

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11
Q

What is 1 ocular division at a 40x microscope?

A

2.5um

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12
Q

What is 1 ocular division at a 100x microscope?

A

1.0um

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13
Q

What are macronutrients?

A

These are nutrients that are needed in large quantities ie., C, N, S, K

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14
Q

What are micronutrients?

A

These are nutrients that are needed in smaller quantitites ie., Cu, Co (vitamins)

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15
Q

What is chemically defined media?

A

This is media where the components and exact measurements are known

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16
Q

What is complex media?

A

This is media where the exact components are not known ie., peptone

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17
Q

What is enriched media?

A

This is media that allows all microbes to grow

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18
Q

What is minimal media?

A

This is media that lacks important nutrients

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19
Q

What is a fastidious bacteria?

A

A bacteria that grows in specific complex nutrients and has complex nutritional needs

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20
Q

What is broth?

A

Liquid that contains bacterial cultures

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21
Q

What is agar?

A

Nutrients on a plate that allows bacterial growth

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22
Q

What is inoculation?

A

Introducing bacteria to liquid

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23
Q

What is incubation?

A

Allowing culture growth on plates

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24
Q

What is turbidity?

A

Bacterial growth in a liquid media which makes it cloudy

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25
Q

What is a colony?

A

A mass of bacterial cell growth that can be visible

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26
Q

What is colony morphology?

A

The physical attributes of the colony grown on the plate

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27
Q

What are the different categories of colony morphology?

A

1.) Shape: punctiform, circular, irregular, rhizoid, filamentous
2.) Size (mm)
3.) Opacity: opaque or transparent
4.) Pigment: non-pigmented, pigmented, water soluble
5.) Elevation: flat, raised, convex, umbonate, crateriform
6.) Surface: rough, smooth, mucoid, moist, dry

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28
Q

What is the “blue” pipette for?

A

100um - 1000um
010 - 100

29
Q

What is the “yellow” pipette for?

A

10um - 100um
010 - 100

30
Q

What is a pure culture?

A

Where there is a single colony colony on the plate

31
Q

What is the assumption with colony growth?

A

It originated from a single cell

32
Q

What is the purpose of a serial dilution?

A

If a solution is too concentrated with bacterial cells it could make counting difficult as such it is diluted

33
Q

What is a colony forming unit?

A

The objective is to determine the colony concentration of the original culture

34
Q

How do you calculate CFU?

A

of colonies (on a plate between 30-300) x

(plate dilution)^-1 x
(the goal is to have 1mL of culture multiply by 10 if 900uL were used)

35
Q

What is cellular morphology?

A

The physical attributes of a single cell as identified by an oil immersed microscope

36
Q

What are the different cellular morphology traits?

A

1.) Cell shape: cocci, bacilli
2.) Size: diameter, or length (mm) [under 100x]
3.) Cell arrangment: random, pairs, tetrad, chains, cluster
4.) Gram stain positive (purple), negative (red)

37
Q

What are the steps for the Gram stain?

A

1.) Take a slide and draw a 2cm circle on the slide (label with initials and unknown)
2.) Add a drop of sterile water using a sterile loop
3.) Then mix a single colony into the water
4.) Let dry
5.) Add 1 drop of methanol to fix let dry for 1min
6.) Add 1 drop of crystal violet to stain for 1min then wash
7.) Add 1 drop of lugols iodine let sit for 1min then wash
8.) Add 1 drop of 95% ethanol for 2-3 sec then remove
9.) Counterstain with safranin for 1min then wash
10.) View under a microscope

38
Q

What is selective media?

A

This is media that contains nutrients for the growth of some bacterial cells and not others

39
Q

What is differential media?

A

This is media that contains an indicator that certain chemical reactions are taking place for the bacterial cell but not others

40
Q

What are antiseptics?

A

These are chemicals that are used for aseptic means on living things

41
Q

What are disinfectants?

A

These are chemicals that are used for aseptic means but NOT on living things

42
Q

How do you conduct an acid-fast stain?

A

1.) Prepare a bacterial smear on a slide
2.) Flood with carbolfuchin for 10min
3.) Rinse with water
4.) Decolourize with acid-alcohol
5.) Counterstain with brilliant green

43
Q

How do you conduct an endospore stain?

A

1.) Prepare a bacterial smear on a slide
2.) Cover the smear with a small square for the smear
3.) Moisten with malachite green for 10min
4.) Remove the paper towel
5.) Wash
6.) Counterstain with safranin for 1min then wash

44
Q

What is cidal?

A

Kills the microbes

45
Q

What is static?

A

Inhibits microbe growth

46
Q

What is lytic?

A

Lyses the cells

47
Q

What is an endospore?

A

These are pockets that only exist in Gram positive bacteria they contain DNA and allow the bacteria to live in very harsh and extreme conditions

48
Q

What happens to the endospore during favorable conditions?

A

The endospore undergoes germination and produces a viable cell

49
Q

What happens to endospores at VERY extreme conditions?

A

The endospore dies

50
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

This is a chemical that increases the rate of mutations such as sodium azide

51
Q

What is the Ames test?

A

This is a test that is designed to determine if the mutations are taking place

52
Q

What is an auxotroph?

A

These are bacteria that are unable to synthesize certain nutrients for themselves ie., Salmonella that can’t make histidine

53
Q

What is a phototroph?

A

These are bacteria that are able to synthesize their own nutrients and can grow on minimal media

54
Q

What is a negative control?

A

This is media such as water that lacks the nutrients

55
Q

What is the positive control?

A

This is media that contains trace amounts of the nutrients so you can observe the extreme amount of growth

56
Q

What is a back mutation/reversion?

A

Mutations that lead to growth due to the carcinogen
His- -> His+

57
Q

What if you see growth on the negative control?

A

That means the bacteria underwent spontaneous mutations

58
Q

Why is phenol so great?

A

It was the first accepted disinfectant and antiseptic therefore any other chemical is compared to it through the phenol coefficient

59
Q

How do you calculate the phenol coefficient?

A

Effective dilution of the test agent /
Effective dilution of phenol

60
Q

What is the effective dilution?

A

The dilution concentration where there is no growth at the 10min but there is growth at the 5min

61
Q

What is the zone of inhibition?

A

It is the diameter around where the antiseptic or disinfectant was applied to the agar plate that lacked growth

62
Q

What does a large ZOI mean?

A

That the bacteria is susceptible

63
Q

What does a small ZOI mean?

A

That the bacteria is resistant

64
Q

What does temperature do for bacteria?

A

Below the minimum its membranes and proteins will be too rigid and above the maximum it will be too flexible

65
Q

What does pH do for bacteria?

A

At low pH the proton pump is used to maintain a neutral pH and the Na/H+ proton pump is used at a high pH

66
Q

What is the cardinal temperature?

A

1.) Min
2.) Max
3.) Optimum
The min-max is the range where the bacteria will survive

67
Q

What do heavy metals do in excess?

A

Prevents cell growth but there are pumps that remove the metals or plasmids that contain metal resistant genes

68
Q

What is the gradient for the cell growth on a plate containing antiseptic?

A

Up the gradient

69
Q

What is the gradient for the plate containing antiseptic?

A

Down the gradient it diffuses

343 (6 decks)

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