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343 > 3.1-3.11 > Flashcards

3.1-3.11 Flashcards

343 Content + BCEM Review

1
Q

Why is free energy needed?

A

In order for cells to do work

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2
Q

To conserve energy what are the 2 things that cells need?

A
  1. Reducing power
  2. Free energy
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3
Q

What are the standard conditions?

A

25 Degrees celcius
pH =7
1atm
Equal reactant and product concentrations

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4
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

When G < 0 and energy is released

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5
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

When G > 0 and energy is required

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6
Q

How much free energy is released in aerobic respiration?

A

-289 kJ/mol

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7
Q

What are catabolic reactions?

A

Exergonic reactions where reactants form products

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8
Q

What are anabolic reactions?

A

Endergonic reactions where products form reactants

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9
Q

What happens to the free energy produced in catabolism?

A

Energy is conserved - by synthesizing high energy molecules of ATP

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10
Q

How much energy does it take to convert
ADP -> ATP?

A

31.8 kJ/mol

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11
Q

Under standard conditions how many moles of ATP are made?

A

91

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12
Q

Under natural conditions how many moles of ATP are made?

A

38

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13
Q

Can heat be conserved to make ATP?

A

No

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14
Q

What is reducing power?

A

The ability to gain highly electronegative electrons

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15
Q

What is oxidation?

A

Losing electrons

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16
Q

What is reduction?

A

Gaining electrons

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17
Q

What is the reduction potential?

A

This measurement in volts determines the tendency for compounds to gain or lose electrons

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18
Q

What happens to oxidizing agents?

A

Reduction -> oxidize something else

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19
Q

What happens to reducing agents?

A

Oxidation -> reduce something else

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20
Q

What is the reducing tower trend?

A
  • Closer to the top more negative reduction potential are more likely to reduce
  • Closer to the bottom more positive reduction potential are more likely to oxidize
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21
Q

What are half reactions?

A

These are reactions where electrons are being transferred

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22
Q

What is a redox reaction?

A

When one compound is converted from one to another oxidized on the left and reduced on the right

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23
Q

What are chemotrophs?

A

The energy source for metabolic reactions comes from chemical reactions

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24
Q

What are phototrophs?

A

The energy source for metabolic reactions comes from sunlight

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25
Q

What are organotrophs?

A

Organic molecules are oxidized or for reducing power and energy

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26
Q

What are lithotrophs?

A

Inorganic molecules are oxidized or for reducing power and energy

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27
Q

What are heterotrophs?

A

Organic molecules are used as a source of carbon -> chemoorganotrophs

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28
Q

What are autotrophs?

A

CO2 is used as a source of carbon that is made by itself -> chemolithotrophs

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29
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The process where O2 is the final electron acceptor

30
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The process where something other than O2 is the final electron acceptor

31
Q

What happens when there is a larger electron potential difference between 2 half reactions?

A

More free energy is released

32
Q

Other than reduction potential how can free energy be calculated?

A

From the free energy of formation

33
Q

What do you need before free energy can be calculated?

A

Electrons, atoms, charges, and redox states are balanced

34
Q

What is ATP?

A

The highest energy molecule containing 3 phosphate bonds

35
Q

How much energy is released from ATP hydrolysis?

A

-31.8 kJ/mol

36
Q

Are all 3 phosphate bonds equally energetic in ATP?

A

No, AMP is half the energy of ATP and ADP

37
Q

Can other molecules be used instead of ATP?

A

Yes, so long as the free energy is equal to or greater than 31.8 kJ/mol

38
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

A substrate is hydrolyzed to form ATP

39
Q

What is oxidative phosphorylation?

A

The movement of electrons along the ETC to generate a PMF and ATP

40
Q

What is photophosphorylation?

A

Light energy to make ATP from a PMF

41
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum energy needed to bring a substrate to the reactive state

42
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

This is a protein that increases the rate of reaction

43
Q

What is an enzyme?

A

This is a type of catalyst that has a binding active site for the substrate/reactant to make the product

44
Q

What does the enzyme do?

A

It reduces the activation energy barrier by rearranging the substrate in the active site so strain is put on specific bonds

45
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

A series of reactions that occur to breakdown glucose to 3-carbon molecules = pyruvate

46
Q

What is stage 1 of glycolysis?

A

Preparatory reactions that are not redox or exergonic

47
Q

What is stage 2 of glycolysis?

A

Redox reactions where energy is conserved and 2 molecules of pyruvate is made

48
Q

What are the steps of glycolysis?

A
  1. ATP is consumed and glucose + PI -> G6P
  2. Isomerized to fructose-6-phosphate
  3. Consume ATP
  4. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphate
  5. Aldolase breaks fructose-1,6-bisphosphate to glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dihydroxy acetone (converted to G3P)
  6. G3P to 1,3 bisphosphoglycerate [1st Redox]
  7. G3P hydrogenase reduces NAD+ -> NADH
  8. Each G3P is phosphorylated to to 3-phosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate
49
Q

What is the net production per pyruvate from the citric acid cycle?

A

3 CO2, 4 NADH/NADPH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP

50
Q

What are the steps of the CAC?

A
  1. Pyruvate is decarboxylated makes 1 CO2, NADH, acetyl-CoA
  2. Acetyl group combins with 4 carbon oxaloacetate to make a 6-carbon citric acid
  3. Oxaloacetate is remade
51
Q

Using glycolysis and CAC what is the net production per glucose?

A

4 ATP
6 CO2
10 NADH
2 FADH2

52
Q

What are the 2 roles of CAC?

A
  1. Oxidation of organic compounds
  2. Biosynthesis of key metabolites
53
Q

Is cellular respiration and its steps anabolic or catabolic?

A

Catabolic -> exergonic and breaks down

54
Q

What is the purpose of the glycoxylate cycle?

A

It is a cycle that is used to make 2-carbon compounds

55
Q

What is fermentation?

A

This is a process where pyruvate from glycolysis is broken to ethanol, CO2, and sometimes an acid

56
Q

What is the difference between fermentation and respiration?

A
  • Fermentation makes ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation without an e- acceptor
  • Respiration makes ATP by oxidative phosphorylation and needs an e- acceptor
57
Q

What is the proton motive force?

A

This is when there is a H+ charge and concentration gradient which creates an electrochemical charge that can be used to power ATP synthase to make ATP

58
Q

What are cytochromes?

A

These are proteins with heme prosthetic groups and the Fe2+/Fe3+ undergoes a redox

59
Q

What are quniones?

A

These are small non-hydrophobic nonprotein structures that can move within the membrane

60
Q

Where is the electron transport chain?

A

Within the cytoplasmic membrane

61
Q

Which dissociation reaction led to the PMF?

A

Dissociation of water OH- on the inside of the cytoplasm and minimal H+

62
Q

What is complex I?

A

NADH dehydrogenase

NADH oxidized and e- are transferred to FMN coenzyme and ubiquinone (Q) is reduced and H+ from inside the cell makes ubiquinol (QH2)

63
Q

What is complex II?

A

Succinated dehydrogenase complex

Succinate oxidizes fumarate in the CAC and
FAD+ -> FADH2

Moves e- from Q to QH2

64
Q

What is compelx III?

A

Cytochrome bc1

QH2 brings e- to cytochrome c

2H+ are released outside the cytoplasmic membrane

Cytochrome c is an e- shuttle for complex IV

65
Q

What is complex IV?

A

Reduction of O2 to make H2O

66
Q

What are the parts of ATPase?

A

Fo complex has a ring of c proteins that picks up H+ from the outside of the cell to generate torque and transmit it to F1 to lead to rotation

F1 complex sticks to the cytoplasm catalyzes ATP synthase

67
Q

How many H+ make ATP?

A

3.3 = 1 c protein cycle

68
Q

How is energy coupled by ATP hydrolysis?

A

Highly exergonic catabolic reaction

69
Q

How is energy coupled by reverse electron transport?

A

Endergonic reactions where e- are taken from the Q pool and go backwards to reduce NAD+

70
Q

How is energy coupled by flavin-based electron burification?

A

The most energy efficient method with an endergonic reaction that makes a highly electronegative intermediate

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