Labs 1 - 5 Flashcards
Title of Laboratory 1
Appreciating Plants in the Environment
Which has watery environments as a habitat?
Algae vs. Bryophytes
algae
Which has unicellular cells?
Algae vs. Bryophytes
Bryophytes
Do algae have stomates?
no, they get their nutrients from the surface.
Both algae and bryophytes have chloroplasts.
True or False
True
Where are the stomates of bryophytes located?
On the sporangia
haploid gametophytes to haploid spores.
Alternation of generation of algae or bryophytes?
Algae
What is the alternation of generation of bryophytes?
Independent gametophyte (gametes) or dependent (spores)
Mode of reproduction of algae?
Sexual or asexual.
What are the 3 types of bryophytes?
Hornworts, liverworts, and mosses
What is the spore maturation of all 3 bryophyte types?
sporangia developing on sporophytes
What is the distinguishing habitat of mosses?
Rocks and tree bark.
Structure of liverworts.
thallus, rhizoids, and reproductive structures.
The 3 components of the structure of mosses.
gametophyte, rhizoids, and sporophytes
A stalk connecting the sporangium to the sporophyte.
Seta
What is the capsule form of hornworts?
Slender, upright capsules.
Do hornworts have stomata? (If yes, where)
yes, on the surface of the sporophyte.
Do liverworts have stomata? (If yes, where)
No, they don’t have leaves.
What is the role of stomata in mosses?
promotes water loss, regulates moisture levels, and aids in growth & development
Hornworts have seta.
True or false.
False.
leaves of seed & fern plants; has branched/parallel vascular bundles
Megaphyll vs. Megasporophyll
Megaphyll
Part of the leaf that supports the developing ovule.
Megaphyll vs. Megasporophyll
Megasporophyll
female reproductive system, has ovules
——- Cone
Ovulate cone
male reproductive system, produces pollen
——- Cone
Staminate cones
Primitive plant, single-celled, forms multicellular but not highly organized structures.
Thallophytes
More advanced plant, has vascular tissues to transport water, sugar, and nutrients.
Tracheophytes
Plant-like living organisms the reproduce through spores.
Cryptogram
seed/flowering plants
Phanerogram/Angiosperms
Why are pteridophytes common in damp, moist areas?
Their fertilization relies on water.
Why are gymnosperms generally woody?
They produce lignin.
What is lignin?
A polymer provides support and rigidity to vascular tissues.
3 types of pteridophytes
Ferns, horsetails, clubmoss
State what kind of leaves each pteridophyte type has.
Ferns: big, feather-like leaves
Horsetail: small, scale-like leaves
Clubmoss: needle-like leaves
Title of Second Laboratory
Compound Microscope.
Formula for total magnification
Objective lens magnification x ocular lens magnification
the 3 objective lenses’ magnifications
10x, 40x, 400x
Title of the third laboratory.
Plant Cell
study of the structure and function of cells
Cytology
basic structural and functional unit of living things
Cell
Are plant cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?
Eukaryotic
What has a cell wall, plant cell or animal cell?
Plant cell
A gel-like substance where all cell structures are.
Cytoplasm
**
What cell structure is not in the cytoplasm?
Nucleus
Give the 3 types of plastids.
Chloroplast, Chromoplast, Leucoplast.
What are the colors of the plastids?
Chloro - green, chromo - red, leuco - colorless
If cytoplasm is to cell, then tonoplast is to _______.
Vacuole
What are the 3 cell types?
Parenchyma, Collenchyma, Sclerenchyma
What cell type are dead cells at maturity?
Sclerenchyma
What cell type has unevenly thickened wall cells?
Collenchyma
Cell type that stores nutrients, can photosynthesize, and provide structual support.
Parenchyma
Title of fourth laboratory.
Cellular Transport.
The movement of substances across the cell membrane/wall.
Cellular transport.
High to low concentration molecule movement.
Diffusion
High to low concentration water movement through a semi-permeable membrane.
Osmosis
3 types of solutions.
Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic
What solution has equilibrium between solute & solvent?
Isotonic solution.
Two types of cellular transport.
Active and passive
Difference between hypertonic and hypotonic.
Hypertonic means more solute than solvent, while hypotonic means more solvent than solute.
A process where the cell engulfs particles into a cell membrane and takes in its nutrients.
Endocytosis
Why can plant cells demonstrate plasmolysis better than animal cells?
Because plant cells have a cell wall.
What is the minimum pressure to prevent inward flow into the semi-permeable membrane?
Osmotic pressure
Why is a 4% glucose solution isotonic but a 5% NaCl solution hypertonic?
4% solution matches osmolarity of cellular fluids, but 5% solution has higher osmolarity, causing plasmolysis.
Title of fifth laboratory.
Plant mitosis
An event where a parent cell divides into 2 daughter cells; cells go through this event for growth.
Cell division.
Sexual cell division, where gametogenesis (spermatogenesis/oogenesis) occurs.
Meiosis
Asexual division, where the purpose is the growth, development, and repair of damaged tissues.
Mitosis
direct cell division, cytoplasm & nucleus constriction
Amitosis
What are the 5 stages of mitosis?
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Mitosis phase where the nucleus and the nuclear membrane disappears.
Prophase
Mitosis phase where the sister chromatids separate.
Anaphase
Mitosis phase where the chromosomes align at the equatorial plate.
Metaphase
Mitosis phase where the cleavage furrow develops, cytokinesis occurs, and the chromosome turns invisible.
Telophase
Mitosis phase where there is no visble change, where the cell grows and copies DNA.
Interphase
Karyokinesis vs. Cytokinesis
Karyokinesis - partition of the cell’s nucleus
Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division
What do you call 2 or more cells fusing together to form a larger cell?
Multi-nucleated cell
Asexual reproduction where 1 single cell turns into 2 same daughter cells.
Usually in prokaryotes.
Binary fission
How does the chromosomal number of the cell stay constant through mitosis?
each daughter cell receives an identical set of chromosomes, achieved through precise sister chromatid separation.
Asexual reproduction where 1 single cell turns into multiple daughter cells.
Multiple fission
Temporary union of 2 bacterial/unicellular organisms for genetic material exchange.
Conjugation
