Labour in the cell

Question 1

What is the function of the plasma membrane?

Answer 1

Selective permeability

Question 2

What is the function of cytoplasm?

Answer 2

Hold shape of the cell
Transport molecules through the cell

Question 3

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 3

Store and synthesise DNA
Control cell functions

Question 4

What is the function of the smooth endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 4

Make hormones
Store enzymes
Inactivate toxic substances

Question 5

What is the function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 5

Make and distribute proteins (via ribosomes)
Edit polypeptides via enzymes
Send polypeptides to Golgi body for further editing

Question 6

What is the function of ribosomes?

Answer 6

mRNA translation (make polypeptide chains)
Transport proteins

Question 7

What is the function of mitochondria?

Answer 7

Make ATP
Replicate mDNA

Question 8

What is the function of the Golgi body?

Answer 8

Modify, sort and concentrate proteins

Question 9

What is the function of lysosomes?

Answer 9

Hydrolyse and endocytose cellular debris

Question 10

What is the function of peroxisomes?

Answer 10

Create hydrogen peroxide by consuming oxygen (broken down by catalase)

Question 11

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

Answer 11

Hold shape of the cell
Aid transport of molecules through the cell

Question 12

What is the function of microfilaments (element of the cytoskeleton)?

Answer 12

Hold cell shape
Resist tension

Question 13

What is the function of microtubules (element of the cytoskeleton)?

Answer 13

Resist compression
Transport molecules
Compartmentalise cell
Form cilia

Question 14

What is the function of intermediate filaments (element of the cytoskeleton)?

Answer 14

Connect skeleton together
Hold shape

Question 15

What are the microfilaments made of?

Answer 15

Actin

Question 16

What are the microtubules made of?

Answer 16

Tubulin

Question 17

What are the intermediate filaments made of?

Answer 17

Keratin
Vimentin

Question 18

How is fluidity in the plasma membrane formed?

Answer 18

Due to holes within the plasma membrane which are present where unsaturated elements of phospholipid tails are

Question 19

Give an example of an outer leaflet phospholipid

Answer 19

Phosphatidylcholine

Question 20

Give an example of an inner leaflet phospholipid

Answer 20

Phosphatidylserine

Question 21

Name the types of phospholipid movement

Answer 21

Lateral mobility
Flip flop

Question 22

What enzymes catalyses flip flop movement?

Answer 22

flipase

Question 23

What does cholesterol help with in the plasma membrane?

Answer 23

Stiffening so not too fluid

Question 24

What is the function of glycocalyx?

Answer 24

Barrier to cell
Protection from stress
Mediates cell to cell interactions

Question 25

What are the types of proteins present in the plasma membrane?

Answer 25

Integral (AKA transmembrane) Peripheral Lipid anchor

Question 26

What types of molecule can pass through the plasma membrane easily?

Answer 26

Hydrophobic, small and uncharged

Question 27

What types of molecule can't pass through the plasma membrane easily?

Answer 27

Hydrophilic, large, charged Ions

Question 28

What are the types of transport across the plasma membrane?

Answer 28

Passive (simple and facilitated) Active

Question 29

What are the types of vesicular transport?

Answer 29

Endocytosis - into the cell Exocytosis - out of the cell

Question 30

What are the types of endocytosis?

Answer 30

Phagocytosis - whole molecules Pinocytosis - vesicles Receptor-mediated endocytosis - whole molecules when a signal is received

Question 31

What are the types of exocytosis?

Answer 31

Constitutive Regulated - when a signal is received

Question 32

What does glycolysis use and produce?

Answer 32

Uses: 2 ATP, 1 glucose Produces: 4 ATP (net 2), 2 pyruvate, 2 NADH

Question 33

Where does glycolysis take place?

Answer 33

Cytoplasm

Question 34

Is glycolysis aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 34

Anaerobic

Question 35

What does the citric acid cycle use and produce?

Answer 35

Uses: 2 pyruvate (converted to Acetyl CoA) Produces: 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2

Question 36

What does the conversion of pyruvate to Acetyl CoA produce?

Answer 36

2 NADH, 2 CO2

Question 37

Where do the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation take place?

Answer 37

Mitochondrial inner membrane

Question 38

Are the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation aerobic or anaerobic?

Answer 38

Aerobic

Question 39

What does oxidative phosphorylation use and produce?

Answer 39

Uses: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6O2 Produces: 32 ATP, 6 H20

Question 40

What do the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis do within oxidative phosphorylation ?

Answer 40

Electron transport chain: reoxidisation of NADH and FADH2 causes movement of H+ ions over membrane Chemiosmosis: creates ATP by moving NADH and FADH2 H+ ions back across the membrane via ATP synthase