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Year 1 From Cells To Systems > Abnormal cell growth > Flashcards

Abnormal cell growth Flashcards

1
Q

What is agenesis?

A

A partial or complete absence of an organ or cells

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2
Q

What is aplasia?

A

Complete absence of an organ, with some undeveloped embryonic cells present

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3
Q

What is hypoplasia? What is it also known as? Give an example

A

Underdeveloped organ, resulting in smaller size
AKA dysgenesis
e.g. micro-ophthalmia

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4
Q

What is dysgraphics? Give an example

A

Structures are present but are not fused together as they should be
e.g. Spina Bifida

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5
Q

What is hypertrophy? Give an example

A

Increased cell and organ size
e.g. the uterus during pregnancy

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6
Q

What is hyperplasia? Why does it occur? Give an example

A

Increased cell number
Due to hormonal stimulation, increased functional demand or repeated injury
e.g. lactation

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7
Q

What is atrophy? Why does it occur?

A

Reduced cell size/number
Due to reduced workload, innervation, blood supply or nutrition, reduced cell synthesis or an increased metabolism

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8
Q

What is metaplasia? Why does it occur?

A

Change from one cell type to another
Due to repeated injury - multiple layers created as more protective

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9
Q

What is dysplasia? When does it occur?

A

Change in size, shape and organisation of the tissue
Happens after metaplasia but before neoplasia

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10
Q

What is neoplasia?

A

Formation of a tumour

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11
Q

What is carcinoma in situ?

A

Dysplasia is present throughout all cell layers but the basement membrane is still intact
Nuclei change shape and size
Proteins (keratin) are made by each cell
Cells lose polarity

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12
Q

What is carcinoma?

A

Epithelial neoplasm

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13
Q

What is sarcoma?

A

Connective tissue, muscle or bone neoplasm

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14
Q

What is leukaemia/lymphoma?

A

blood or lymph neoplasm

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15
Q

What is myeloma?

A

Bone marrow neoplasm

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16
Q

What is blastoma?

A

Malignant precursor cells

17
Q

What is teratoma?

A

Tumour made up of many cell types, originating from multiple germ layers

18
Q

Where is adenomatous cancer?

A

Duct or gland cells

19
Q

Where is squamous cancer?

A

Epithelial cells

20
Q

Where is myeloid cancer?

A

Blood cells

21
Q

Where is lymphoid cancer?

A

Lymphocyte cells

22
Q

Describe the stages of cervical carcinoma

A
  1. Endocervical cells begin as columnar epithelium, ectocervical cells begin as squamous epithelium
  2. Squamous cells undergo metaplasia, which eventually spreads into columnar cells
  3. Eventually the metaplastic cells enter the dysplastic stage
  4. Once dysplasia is full thickness, carcinoma in situ occurs
23
Q

Describe the stages of metastasis

A
  1. Carcinoma in situ breaks through the basement membrane by releasing enzymes to degrade it (carcinoma now known as invasive carcinoma)
  2. Cells travel towards blood or lymphatic vessels via ECM, binding along laminin and fibronectin and releasing degrading enzymes to clear a path
  3. Cells enter circulation and avoid immune detection
  4. Once at new site, cells exit vessels by endothelial cell rolling and diapedesis
  5. Cells stimulate angiogenesis via release of growth factors - blood vessels created to provide tumour nutrients
24
Q

Describe the stages of tumour initiation

A
  1. Proto-oncogene mutates, becoming oncogene which encourages tumour growth
  2. Tumour suppressor gene also mutates or loses its function
  3. Cells allowed to proliferate uncontrollably, creating neoplasm
25
Q

When are choroidal and iris naevi benign?

A

When smaller than 2 disc sizes

26
Q

When are choroidal and iris naevi malignant?

A

When larger than 5 disc sizes

27
Q

What percentage of ocular melanomas are choroidal? What age are they mot common?

A

80%
55-65 years

28
Q

What gene is mutated in retinoblastoma?

A

Rb

29
Q

How does inherited retinoblastoma occur? Is it more likely to be uni- or bilateral? What percentage of retinoblastoma is inherited?

A

Usually one mutated gene is inherited, and another mutates
Bilateral more likely
25-30% inherited

30
Q

How does sporadic retinoblastoma occur? Is it more likely to be uni- or bilateral?

A

Random mutation of one gene in a parent cell, and a second mutation occurs in the same or daughter cell
Unilateral more likely

Year 1 From Cells To Systems (11 decks)

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