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Year 1 From Cells To Systems > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What is ingestion?

A

The process of eating

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2
Q

What is digestion?

A

The breakdown of food into smaller molecules

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3
Q

What is absorption?

A

The movement of nutrients from the GI tract to blood and lymph systems

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4
Q

What is motility?

A

The movement of food along the GI tract

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5
Q

What is excretion?

A

pooping!

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6
Q

What are the layers of the GI tract?

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa

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7
Q

What is the mucosa made up of?

A

From outside in:
Muscle (Muscularis mucosae)
Connective tissue (Lamina propria)
Simple epithelium

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8
Q

What is the submucosa made up of?

A

Secretory glands

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9
Q

What is the muscularis layer made up of?

A

Circular muscle
Longitudinal muscle

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10
Q

What is the serosa made up of?

A

Connective tissue (Areolar)
Epithelium

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11
Q

What are the purposes of saliva?

A

Initiating digestion
Lubrication of food
Forming bolus

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12
Q

Give an example of a salivary gland

A

Submandibular gland

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13
Q

Give 2 examples of enzymes within saliva

A

Amylase
Lipase

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14
Q

What does the pharynx do?

A

Creates a skeletal muscle contraction which moves bolus into oesophagus (swallowing)

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15
Q

What are the contractions within the oesophagus called?

A

Peristaltic

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16
Q

Why is mucus secreted into the oesophagus?

A

To aid movement

17
Q

What does gastrin stimulate?

A

Release of gastric juice
Increases GI tract motility
Relaxation of stomach exit sphincter

18
Q

Which cells secrete gastric juice?

A

Parietal cells
Chief cells

19
Q

What do parietal cells secrete and what does the secretion do?

A

Hydrochloric acid - lowers pH to 1.5-2 and kills bacteria

20
Q

What do chief cells secrete and what does the secretion do?

A

Pepsinogen - pepsin (enzyme form) breaks down proteins

21
Q

What does the duodenum secrete and what does the secretion do?

A

Pancreatic juice - raises pH back to 7.1-8.2 via enzymes

22
Q

Give an example of 2 pancreatic enzymes

A

Pancreatic amylase
Deoxyribonuclease

23
Q

What does the liver secrete and what does the secretion do?

A

Bile - solubilises fat to be broken down by lipases

24
Q

Where is bile secreted into?

A

Duodenum

25
Q

What are the purposes of the liver?

A

Toxin removal
Storage of nutrients and vitamins
Phagocytosis of bacteria and old blood cells

26
Q

What are the two parts of the small intestine?

A

Jejunum
Ileum

27
Q

Give 2 examples of the enzymes which complete monomer breakdown in the small intestine

A

Sucrase
Lactase
Maltase

28
Q

What do villi and microvilli help to do?

A

Increase surface area

29
Q

What are the secretive and absorptive cells within the small intestine? Where are they located?

A

Absorptive enterocytes
Goblet cells
Paneth cells
Hormone producing cells
Located in pits of villi/microvilli

30
Q

How do molecules enter absorptive enterocytes?

A

Facilitated diffusion or active transport

31
Q

What do paneth cells secrete?

A

Lysozyme

32
Q

What hormones are released in the small intestine?

A

Secretin
Cholecystokinin
Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide (GIP)

33
Q

What is the function of secretin? (small intestine hormone)

A

Regulation of stomach/pancreatic secretions

34
Q

What is the function of cholecystokinin? (small intestine hormone)

A

Hunger suppressant

35
Q

What is the function of GIP? (small intestine hormone)

A

Secretion of insulin

36
Q

What bacteria are found in the large intestine?

A

Symbiosis (good)
Helicobacter pylori (bad)

37
Q

What secretive cells are there in the large intestine?

A

Goblet cells

38
Q

How are vitamin A and carotenoids taken up? (in the small intestine)

A
  1. Absorbed by passive diffusion or active transport via SR-B1 receptor into absorptive enterocyte
  2. HDLs take up and move either into blood plasma or lymph lipoproteins
  3. Liver stores any excess not immediately needed

Year 1 From Cells To Systems (11 decks)

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