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AUBF Seminal Fluid (Seminalysis) > LABORATORY TESTING PARAMETERS: > Flashcards

LABORATORY TESTING PARAMETERS: Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical color of normal semen?

A
  • Normal semen typically has a gray-white color.
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2
Q

What is the opacity or appearance of normal semen?

A
  • Normal semen has an opaque appearance, which means it is not transparent.
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3
Q

What substance causes the gray color in normal semen?

A
  • The gray color in normal semen is caused by a substance called Falvin.
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4
Q

What is a potential visual indicator of low sperm concentration in semen?

A

clear in color.

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5
Q

What does an increase in white turbidity indicate in the context of appearance?

A
  • Indicates the presence of white blood cells (WBCs)
  • And infection within the reproductive tract, with one common infection being Prostatic Infection.
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6
Q

What is a common infection associated with increased white turbidity in appearance?

A
  • Prostatic Infection.
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7
Q

How can Leukocyte Esterase (LE) Reagent strips be helpful in confirming the presence of white blood cells (WBC) in a sample?

A
  • Leukocyte Esterase (LE) Reagent strips are useful in differentiating the presence of WBC from immature sperm (spermatids) in the sample.
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8
Q

What does a positive (+) LE parameter result indicate regarding the round cells?

A
  • A positive (+) LE parameter result indicates that round cells are considered as WBC (White Blood Cells).
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9
Q

What is indicated by a negative (-) LE parameter result regarding round cells?

A
  • A negative (-) LE parameter result indicates that round cells are considered as SPERMATIDS.
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10
Q

What does red coloration in a urine sample indicate?

A
  • Red coloration in a urine sample indicates the presence of RBC (Red Blood Cells).
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11
Q

What can yellow coloration in urine suggest?

A
  • Yellow coloration in urine can suggest urine contamination, prolonged abstinence, or medication use.
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12
Q

How does urine affect sperm?

A
  • Urine is toxic to sperm and can negatively impact their viability and motility.
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13
Q

What is retrograde ejaculation?

A
  • Retrograde ejaculation is a condition where semen enters the bladder instead of emerging through the penis during orgasm.
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14
Q

What type of medication is commonly associated with yellow coloration in urine?

A
  • Yellow coloration in urine is often associated with the use of antibiotics.
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15
Q

What is the normal time frame for liquefaction of a fresh semen specimen after collection?

A
  • A fresh semen specimen typically clots and liquefies within 30 to 60 minutes after collection.
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16
Q

What could be the significance of a semen sample failing to liquefy within 60 minutes?

A
  • If liquefaction does not occur within 60 minutes
  • Indicative of a deficiency in prostatic enzymes
  • This condition should be reported.
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17
Q

What is the role of prostatic enzymes in the semen?

A

for the liquefaction of semen

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18
Q

What should you do if the specimen has not liquefied after 2 hours?

A
  • You should induce the liquefaction process.
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19
Q

What are two methods for inducing liquefaction in the specimen?

A
  • Add an equal volume of Physiologic Dulbecco’s phosphate-buffered saline
  • Or add proteolytic enzymes such as Alphachymotrypsin or Bromelain.
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20
Q

Why is it important to induce liquefaction in the specimen?

A
  • Inducing liquefaction allows the rest of the analysis to be performed on the specimen.
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21
Q

What is the normal semen volume range?

A
  • Normal semen volume typically ranges from 2 to 5 milliliters (mL).
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22
Q

What can cause an increased semen volume?

A
  • An increased semen volume is often associated with prolonged abstinence.
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23
Q

What is the significance of decreased semen volume?

A

infertility.

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24
Q

What should be considered when evaluating semen volume?

A
  • When evaluating semen volume
  • It’s important to consider the possibility of incomplete specimen collection.
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25
Q

What does viscosity refer to in the context of fluid specimens?

A
  • Viscosity refers to the consistency of the fluid specimen.
26
Q

How would you describe an incomplete liquefied specimen in terms of viscosity?

A

clumped and highly viscous.

27
Q

What is considered normal viscosity in a fluid specimen?

A
  • Means that it can be easily drawn into a pipette
  • And forms small discrete droplets, without appearing clumped or stringy.
28
Q

When do droplets in a fluid specimen form longer than 2cm, and what does it indicate?

A
  • It indicate highly viscous fluid and may suggest an abnormality in enzyme function.
29
Q

What is the normal pH range for the reproductive tract?

A
  • 7.2 to 8.0, indicating an alkaline environment.
30
Q

What does an increased pH in the reproductive tract indicate?

A
  • Typically indicates the presence of an infection.
31
Q

What can a decreased pH in the reproductive tract be associated with?

A
  • Can be associated with increased prostatic fluid, ejaculatory duct obstruction, or poorly developed seminal vesicles.
32
Q

What is the role of prostatic fluid in the acidity of semen?

A
  • Contains substances or enzymes responsible for the acidity of semen
33
Q

What is considered a normal sperm concentration range?

A
  • Typically greater than 20 to 250 million sperm per milliliter.
34
Q

What is the range for borderline sperm concentration?

A
  • It falls in the range of 10 to 20 million sperm per milliliter.
35
Q

How is sperm count calculated?

A
  • Sperm count is calculated by multiplying sperm concentration by specimen volume.
36
Q

What is considered a normal sperm count?

A
  • Generally greater than 40 million per ejaculate.
37
Q

How is sperm cell counting performed using the WBC pipet?

A
  • With a dilution ratio of 1:20, achieved by aspirating semen at the 0.5 mark
  • Then diluting it with distilled cold water up to the 11 mark.
38
Q

Why should you discard the first unit in the pipet before charging the hemocytometer when counting sperm cells using cold water as the diluting fluid?

A
  • The first unit in the pipet is discarded before charging the hemocytometer
  • It contains purely diluting fluid (cold water)
39
Q

What is the formula for sperm cell counting using cold water as the diluting fluid?

A
  • DF = (11 - 1) / 0.5, which equals 20.
40
Q

What is the counting area for sperm cell counting using a hemocytometer?

A
  • Includes the RBC counting square, 4 corner small squares, and the center small square.
41
Q

How many elevated counting areas does a hemocytometer have?

A
  • A hemocytometer has 2 elevated counting areas.
42
Q

How many large squares are there in one entire counting area of a hemocytometer?

A
  • In one entire counting area of a hemocytometer, there are 9 large squares.
43
Q

In hematology, which specific component is the center large square intended for counting?

A
  • In hematology, the center large square is intended for PLATELET COUNT.
44
Q

How is the center large square further divided for counting purposes?

A
  • The center large square is divided into 25 small squares for counting purposes.
45
Q

How do you calculate the average red blood cell (RBC) count using the RBC counting square method, given an example with counts of 100 and 150 RBCs?

A
  • (100 + 150 = 250) and then divide by 2 (250 / 2 = 125).
46
Q

How do you calculate the total sperm concentration when you have 125 sperm in one unit of measurement?

A
  • Multiply the number of sperm (125) by 1,000,000
  • Which equals 125,000,000 sperm per milliliter (sperm/mL).
47
Q

What is considered a normal sperm count per milliliter (mL)?

A
  • Typically greater than 20,000,000 sperm per mL.
48
Q

How can you calculate the total sperm count (sperm/ejaculate)?

A
  • Total sperm count (sperm/ejaculate)
  • Multiply the total sperm concentration by the volume of semen.
49
Q

What is the significance of a “Normal Value Count” of >40,000,000 for “ejaculate”?

A
  • Typically refers to the normal range of sperm count in a semen sample
  • It indicates a high concentration of sperm, which is important for fertility.
50
Q

What is the primary requirement for sperm regarding motility?

A
  • Sperm should be capable of forward, progressive motility.
51
Q

How should sperm motility be assessed in terms of specimen preparation?

A
  • Should be assessed using a well-mixed
  • Liquefied specimen within 1 hour of specimen collection.
52
Q

What happens if the sperm sample is not liquefied, clotted, or coagulated?

A
  • If the sample is not liquefied, clotted, or coagulated
  • The specimen will not exhibit movement.
53
Q

What is considered a normal value for sperm motility?

A
  • A normal value for sperm motility is 2.0 and above.
54
Q

What is the shape and size of the head of a sperm cell?

A
  • Oval-shaped and measures approximately 5 µm long and 3 µm wide.
55
Q

What is the function of the acrosomal cap in a sperm cell?

A
  • Contains enzymes critical for ovum penetration
  • Helping the sperm penetrate the ovum during fertilization.
56
Q

What is the function of the neckpiece in morphology?

A
  • Serves as a small structure that attaches the head to the tail and the midpiece.
57
Q

What is the function of the mitochondrial sheath in the context of morphology?

A
  • The mitochondrial sheath produces energy required by the tail for motility.
58
Q

How long is the midpiece in morphology, and what is its significance?

A
  • Approximately 7 µm long
  • It is the thickest part of the tail surrounded by the mitochondrial sheath.
59
Q

What is the approximate length of the tail in morphology?

A
  • The tail in morphology is approximately 4-5 µm long.
60
Q

How is mtDNA inherited?

A
  • MtDNA is inherited exclusively from one’s mother.
61
Q

What role does the acrosomal cup enzyme play during fertilization?

A
  • Is required for the sperm to penetrate the ovum during the fertilization process.
62
Q

What happens to the sperm’s components during the penetration process?

A
  • If the sperm’s head inserts into the ovum, only the nucleus enters
  • While the midpiece up to the tail of the sperm will detach or be removed.

AUBF Seminal Fluid (Seminalysis) (5 decks)

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