Laboratory techniques

Question 1

Temperature of denaturation in PCR

Answer 1

96 degree c

Question 2

Gice examples for PCR use

Answer 2

Neonatal HIV
herpes encephalitis

Question 3

Give the temperature for annealing

Answer 3

55 degree C

Question 4

Give the temperature for Elongation

Answer 4

72 degree c

Question 5

Name the substrates for denaturation

Answer 5

DNA template
DNA primers
Taq Polymerase
dNTP

Question 6

Average time for one PCR

Answer 6

10 minutes

Question 7

From which organism is Taq polymerase acquired

Answer 7

Thermus Aquaticus

Question 8

After 3 cycles the amount of DNA in PCR is

Answer 8

8

2^n

Question 9

Variation of PCR used in RNA viruses

Answer 9

RTPCR

Question 10

Which swab is taken in case of COVID 19

Answer 10

Nasopharyngeal swab

Question 11

Which RNA virus was tested in COVID 19

Answer 11

SARS COV 2

Question 12

What is the full form of CRISPR

Answer 12

Clustered Random Interspace Short Palindromic Repeats

Question 13

What all is required in CRISPR technology

Answer 13

Cas9 (endonuclease)
Guide RNA
Template DNA

Question 14

What are the 2 editing methods in CRISPR

Answer 14

1. Non homologous end joining in frameshift mutation
2. Homologous joining by Donor DNA

1- knock out 2- knock in

Question 15

Device used for PCR

Answer 15

Thermal Cycler

Question 16

How to identify Fragile X Syndrome with the help of Southern Blot

Answer 16

Identifying the no of CGG repeats in FMR 1

Question 17

Name the electrophorized substance in
Southern blotting
Northern
Western
Southwestern

Answer 17

Southern- DNA
Northern - RNA
Western- Protein
Southwestern- DNA binding protein

SNoW DRoP

Question 18

What all can be found out by flow cytometry

Answer 18

Size
Granularity
Protein expression

Question 19

What all is measured in flow cytometry

Answer 19

Light scatter
Intensity of fluorescence

Question 20

What diseases is flow cytometry used for

Answer 20

Hematological abnormalities (leukemia ; paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobin etc.)
Immunodeficiencies (CD4+ cell count in HIV)

Question 21

Name the plots used for one and two measure in flow cytometry

Answer 21

one- histogram
two - Scatter plot

Question 22

In microarrays ______ are arranged on a grid on a glass or silicon chip

Answer 22

DNA oligonucleotides

Question 23

What does the ratio of fluorescence signal tell us in microarrays

Answer 23

Relative amount of hybridizing nucleic acids in those samples

Question 24

Use of microarray

Answer 24

compare relative transcription of gene in 2 RNA samples
Detection of SNP and CNV used in-
Genotyping
Clinical genetic testing
forensic analysis
cancer mutation
genetic linkage analysis

Question 25

Which sample is used in ELISA Blood Urine Sputum Stool

Answer 25

Blood

Question 26

Which is more specific, western blot or ELISA

Answer 26

Western blot

Question 27

How is direct ELISA different from indirect ELISA

Answer 27

Indirect Elisa makes use of a secondary antibody attached to a primary antibody

Question 28

What drug is used in karyotyping to halt chromosomes at ______ stage

Answer 28

Colchicine; metaphase

Question 29

Chromosomes are stained according to ______

Answer 29

Morphology Size Arm Length Ratio Banding pattern

Question 30

What all samples can be used in Karyotyping

Answer 30

Blood Bone marrow Amniotic fluid Placental tissue

Question 31

What are the 3 type of chromosomal abnormalities that can be seen in fluorescence in situ hybridization

Answer 31

Microdeletion- no fluorescence Translocation- Fluorescence signal from one gene in one chromosome to another chromosome Duplication- a second copy of chromosome

Question 32

Give an example of translocation

Answer 32

Fluoroscence signal from ABL gene on chromosome 9 goes near to BCR gene on chromosome 15

Question 33

What is molecular cloning used for

Answer 33

Production of human protein in bacteria eg insulin

Question 34

Steps for molecular cloning

Answer 34

read in usmle pg 53

Question 35

______ insertion (random/targeted) has _______ expression (conditional/constitutive)

Answer 35

Random- constitutive Targeted- conditional

Question 36

Process by which small non coding RNA molecules target mRNA to inhibit gene expression is called

Answer 36

RNA interference

Question 37

_____ are used for a broad targeting of gene suppression

Answer 37

Micro RNA | blocks translation

Question 38

siRNA are derives form

Answer 38

Exogenous dsRNA source like virus

Question 39

_____ are used for a specific targeting of gene suppression

Answer 39

siRNA | it is chemically synthesized for gene knockdown experiments

Question 40

What protein help in putting environmental stress on bacteria to incorporate the plasmid

Answer 40

Heat Shock Protein

Question 41

What is Polymorphic Marker

Answer 41

Marks out specific spots to identify polymorphism

Question 42

After a DNA sequence is inserted into a plasmid for cloning, the resultant molecule is known as a _______plasmid.

Answer 42

Recombinant

Question 43

The process that involves introducing a plasmid into bacteria is called _______.

Answer 43

Transformation

Question 44

To isolate a specific DNA region in the polymerase chain reaction, researchers synthesize _________that act as primers

Answer 44

Oligonucleotides

Question 45

Other than the gene of interest, plasmids for DNA cloning contain an _______ gene which confers antibiotic protection to the bacteria with the plasmid.

Answer 45

antibiotic resistance

Question 46

When analyzing a gel, bands of macromolecules are compared to a standard ladder to determine (size/charge) .

Answer 46

Size