LABORATORY SAFETY, INSTRUMENTATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC LABORATORY Flashcards
art of analyzing and interpreting the shapes, sizes, and architectural patterns of cells and tissues within a given specific clinical background.
HISTOPATHOLOGY
3 activities in histopathology
pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phase
includes the sample collection, transport, labeling of specimens, tissue processing, and submission of slides for reporting.
Pre-analytical Phase
True or False. Any error encountered during pre-analytical
phase can endangered the quality of end
result.
True
is more focus on slide reading and
preparation of report.
Analytical Phase
is the after preparation of
report. It includes the delivery of test results,
archiving of reports, storing documents and reported specimens, and also the safe disposal.
Post-analytical phase
the process of ensuring and maintaining personal as
well as environmental health and safety in the
laboratory.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Most hazards encountered fall into what three main categories:
chemical, physical or biological
Cleaning agents and disinfectants, drugs, anesthetic
gases.
Chemical hazards
applies to the laboratory use of
chemicals and mandates written in the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that address the particular hazards and precautions required for safe
use.
lab standard
Every chemical should be labeled with certain basic information, including
Chemical name and, if a mixture, names of all
ingredients;
● Manufacturer’s name and address if purchased
commercially, or name of
● person making the reagent;
● Date purchased or made;
● Expiration date, if known;
● Hazard warnings and safety procedures
are chemicals that cause reversible
inflammatory effects at the site of contact with living
tissue, especially the skin, eyes and respiratory
passages
Irritants
chemicals cause destruction or
irreversible alterations when exposed to living tissue,
or destroy certain inanimate surfaces. A chemical
may be corrosive to tissue but not to steel, or
viceversa. Few are corrosive to both.
Corrosive
cause allergic reactions in some
exposed workers, not just in hypersensitive
individuals. Sensitization may occur at work because
of the high exposure level.
Sensitizers
are substances that induce tumors,
not only in experimental animals but also in humans
Carcinogens
Examples of carcinogenic chemicals
chloroform, chromic acid, formaldehyde, nickel chloride and potassium dichromate
Carcinogenic dyes
auramine, basic fuchsin, and any dye
derived from benzidine
are capable of causing death by
ingestion, skin contact or inhalation at certain
specified concentrations.
Toxic materials
Examples of toxic material
methanol, chromic acid, osmium tetroxide and uranyl nitrate
The most obvious physical hazards
slips and falls
The most obvious physical hazards
slips and falls
Include infectious agents and their toxins as well as
contaminated solutions, specimens or objects
Biological Hazard
are one of the most important health
hazards, yet they are frequently overlooked.
Allergens
one piece of equipment that is used by both the pathologist and the histotechnologist.
Microscope
examines the slide under the microscope
to identify a disease process or an abnormality that
will directly affect the patient’s treatment.
pathologist
examines the same slide microscopically for quality control to determine whether all technical processes are done properly
and if a slide of diagnostic quality has been achieved.
histotechnologist
enlargement of image
Magnification
shortest distance between two points that can still be distinguish as separate.
Resolution
ability of microscope to distinguish small objects that are close together.
Resolving Power
a microscope with more than one lens and its own light source.
compound light microscope
Compound microscope is also known as
bright field microscope
comes from below and contrast in the
sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample
Illumination
is the simplest and most
popular of all techniques used for illumination of samples in light microscopes.
Bright-field microscopy
provides support for the microscope. The
base should be large and solid enough to allow the microscope to stand by itself.
Base
supports and holds the magnifying and
adjustment system. It can be used as a handle for carrying the microscope.
Arm
Is the flat platform where the slide is placed
for examination
Stage
is located directly under the stage and
holds the condenser and diaphragm.
Substage
permits movement of the stage
while holding the slide in the phase of focus.
Mechanical Stage
only use one eyepiece when viewing the specimen
Monocular Heads
have two eyepieces and are
more convenient and comfortable to use. It is the most common choice.
Binocular Heads
have a third eyepiece tube that
can be used by another person simultaneously or by
an LCD camera. The trinocular option is more
expensive than the other two types
Trinocular Heads
used with low and medium objective
especially the achromatic. It is also the simplest
eyepiece with 5x-40x magnification.
Huygenian
refracts light with little spectral color separation.
Achromatic Lenses
reduces chromatic aberrations more.
Ramsden
produce to make structure clearer
in terms of chromation. More highly lenses for objectives.
Compensating
is located at the end of the body tube
for holding the objectives.
nosepiece
consist of a system of lenses located at
the end of the body tube that is held in place by the nosepiece and is closer to the slide under examination.
objectives
True or False. The purpose of the objective is to increase
or decrease magnification. The objectives
are mounted on a revolving turret allowing
for the change of objectives.
True
is the process that increases the size
of the structure under examination. It is achieved by
the use of the microscope’s lens system.
magnification
total magnification of a microscope is the
product of the magnifying power of the objective and
eyepiece
what is the normal tube length
160mm
is the distance between outer lens of
objective and the cover glass of the slide under examination.
focal length
_________ is derived from the
fact that the specimen is dark and
contrasted by the surrounding bright
viewing field.
bright field
usually contains an aperture diaphragm to control and focus light on the specimen; light passes through the specimen and then is collected by an objective lens situated in a turret above the stage.
condenser
magnifies the light and transmits it to
an oracular lens or eyepiece and into the user’s eyes.
objective
technique used to observe unstained and
transparent samples causing them to be clearly visible and appear brightly lit against a dark, almost purely black background.
Dark Field Illumination/dark ground microscopy
Dark ground microscopy is useful in demonstrating
treponema pallidum, Leptospira, Campylobacter jejuni, Endospore
type of light microscopy that enhances contrasts of transparent and colorless objects by influencing the optical path of light
Phase Contrast Microscopy
makes it possible to study the cell cycle in live
cells. It reveals many cellular structures
that are not visible with a simpler bright field
microscope and makes it possible for
biologists to study living cells and how
they proliferate through cell division
Phase Contrast Microscopy
contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained with birefringent materials
Polarized Microscopy
situated below the specimen stage
usually fixed in the left-to-right, East-West direction, although this is usually rotatable through 360
degrees
polarizer
usually aligned North-South but again
rotatable on some microscopes, is located above the objectives and can be moved in and out of the light path as required.
analyzer
2 essential components of polarized microscopy
polarizer and analyzer
refers to any microscope
that uses fluorescence to generate an image.
fluorescence microscopy
stains used in fluorescence microscopy
auramine rhodamine and acridine orange R
color of auramine rhodamine
yellow
color of acridine orange R in DNA
yellow green
color of acridine orange R in RNA
orange red
uses a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale.
Electron Microscopes
a microscope that uses a
beam of accelerated electrons as a source of
illumination.
Electron Microscopes
wavelength of an electron
can be up to ______________ shorter than electron microscope has a higher resolving power than a light microscope
100,000 times
the examination in electron microscope can yield info about
morphology and composition
creates images of the sample’s internal structure and
more harmful because of higher electron energy
Transmission Electron Microscopes
utilizes a fine beam focus electron to generally scan
surface of sample
Scanning Electron Microscope
degree to which healthcare services strive
to provide accurate desired outcomes for patients and are consistent with current professional knowledge
quality
freedom from accidental injury
Safety
system of routine technical
activities
quality control
planned system of review
procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the laboratory process
Quality Assurance
UK NEQAS
United Kingdom National External Quality
Assessment Service
CAP
College of American Pathologists
two distinct systems of quality assurance
selective and distributive system
stained preparations from
departmental archival records are used to assess the quality of staining.
selective system
participating laboratories are
asked to stain sections that have been submitted by
the scheme organizer
distributive system
goal of continuing quality imporvement
Improved potential care and safety
system is used to approach, evaluate and identify opportunities to improve quality before problems occur through evaluation of all systems/processes in the laboratory
CONTINUING QUALITY IMPROVEMENT
