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HPCT311 > BASIC HISTOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGIC PATTERN OF CELLULAR INJURY > Flashcards

BASIC HISTOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGIC PATTERN OF CELLULAR INJURY Flashcards

1
Q

branch of biology that studies the
microscopic anatomy of biological tissue

A

histology

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2
Q

counterpart of gross Anatomy

A

histology

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3
Q

3 germ layers

A

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

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4
Q

later on give rise to the nervous
system and the epidermal skin cells

A

ectoderm

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5
Q

give rise to the digestive system
and internal organs

A

endoderm

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6
Q

give rise to the muscle cells and
connective tissue in the body.

A

mesoderm

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7
Q

Two interacting components during development the two interacting components
become functionally specialized, they will later on give rise to fundamental types of tissues with characteristic structural features.

A

Cells and ECM

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8
Q

formed by an orderly combination of the
tissues and precise arrangement allows the
functioning of each organ and of the organism as a whole.

A

organ

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9
Q

produces the extracellular matrix

A

cells

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10
Q

produced by the cells; serves as support of the cells because they carry away the waste, carry away the secretory products as well as connect with the cell surface receptors

A

ECM

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11
Q

a group of cells of common origin and
common function.

A

tissue

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12
Q

Four Major Categories of Tissue

A

● Epithelial tissue
● Connective Tissue
● Muscle Tissue
● Nervous Tissue

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13
Q

cells that are taller than they are
wide

A

columnar

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14
Q

cells that change their shape
when the epithelium is stretched

A

transitional

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15
Q

Examples of Simple Squamous Epithelium

A

● Bowman’s capsule
● Endothelium of blood vessels
● Loop of Henle
● Alveoli of lungs

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16
Q

Example of Cuboidal

A

thyroid follicles and ducts of
glands

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17
Q

Example of Columnar

A

● Gallbladder (NONCILIATED)
● Uterine tube (CILIATED)

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18
Q

Ex of Stratified Squamous

A
  • Epidermis of the skin (keratinized)
    ● Vagina (Non-keratinized)
    ● Esophagus (Non-keratinized)
    ● Cervix (Non-keratinized)
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19
Q

ex of stratified cuboidal

A

sweat glands

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20
Q

ex of stratified columnar

A

male urethra

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21
Q

example of stratified transitional

A

Urinary tract, specifically in the urinary
bladder

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22
Q

can be seen in female reproductive; tract (non-ciliated), and trachea (ciliated)

A

Pseudostratified

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23
Q

glands with ducts

A

Exocrine

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24
Q

can be seen in Prostate and Salivary gland

A

Tubulo-acinar

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25
Q

examples of acinar/alveolar

A

Pancreas
Salivary gland

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26
Q

can be seen in stomach and uterus

A

tubular

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27
Q

has an elongated secretory portion and the
duct is small which is usually small or absent.

A

simple tubular duct

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28
Q

can be seen in the mucus gland of the colon

A

simple tubular duct

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29
Q

Almost has the sameappearance with simple tubular but this one has branches

A

branched tubular

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30
Q

Can be found in glands in the uterus and stomach

A

branched tubular

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31
Q

looking like a “semi-colon”

A

coiled tubular

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32
Q

can be seen in the sweat glands

A

coiled tubular

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33
Q

secretory portion is round and sack-like

A

Acinar/Alveolar

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34
Q

seen in the small mucus gland along the urethra

A

Acinar/Alveolar

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35
Q

multiple sack-like secretory portions, but
still enters one duct

A

branched acinar / branched alveolar

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36
Q

can be seen in the
sebaceous glands of the skin

A

branched acinar / branched alveolar

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37
Q

They have several elongated secretory units. Their ducts still converge to form multiple larger ducts

A

compound tubular

38
Q

can be found in the submucosal gland in the duodenum

A

compound tubular

39
Q

has multiple sack-like secretory portions but they have multiple small ducts

A

compound acinar/alveolar

40
Q

can be seen in the exocrine pancreas

A

compound acinar/alveolar

41
Q

This is a mix of both tubular and acinar characteristics.

A

compound tubulo-acinar

42
Q

connected to one small duct and later
on draining to one larger duct

A

compound tubulo-acinar

43
Q

can be seen in the salivary glands

A

compound tubulo-acinar

44
Q

glands without ducts

A

endocrine

45
Q

Highly vascular and discharge their secretions
directly into blood vessels

A

endocrine

46
Q

type of secretion where cells are still intact and they release their products by means of __________?

A

merocrine; exocytosis

47
Q

Secretions accumulate below the free surface of the cell through which it is released

A

merocrine

48
Q

example of merocine

A

goblet cells, sweat glands

49
Q

cell is being destroyed, but not necessarily the whole cell.

A

apocrine

50
Q

Secretions accumulate below the free surface
but can only be released by breaking away of
the distal part of the epithelium

A

apocrine

51
Q

example of apocrine

A

Mammary glands in milk secretion

52
Q

There is a complete breakdown of the secretory cell in order to release the content.

A

holocrine

53
Q

example of holocrine

A

Sebaceous glands

54
Q

usually have more ground substance than collagen.

A

Loose Connective tissue

55
Q

Mucoid tissues:
Reticular:
Mesenchyme (Mesenchymal cells):
Adipose:

A

Wharton’s jelly
Bone marrow, lymph node
embryo and fetus
hypodermis

56
Q

contains more fibers as compared to extracellular matrix and loose connective tissue.

A

Dense Connective tissue

57
Q

They have similar components to the
loose connective tissue but with
fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts are
available here

A

Dense Connective tissue

58
Q

type of collagen predominant in dense irregular

A

type 1

59
Q

examples of dense irregular

A

capsules of organs and dermis

60
Q

There are more type 1 collagen
fibers, more bundles are present and
the arrangement or pattern structures
are not irregular.

A

Dense Regular

61
Q

examples of Dense Regular

A

○ Tendons
○ Stroma of cornea
○ Ligaments
○ Aponeurosis

62
Q

Most common; have less collagen and more proteoglycan

A

hyaline

63
Q

This is already a hyaline cartilage and
combined with small amounts of dense
connective tissue.

A

Fibrous / Fibrocartilage

64
Q

Can be seen in Intervertebral discs

A

Fibrous / Fibrocartilage

65
Q

example of hyaline

A

trachea

66
Q

Has elasticity due to the presence of the
abundance of elastic fibers

A

Elastic

67
Q

It resembles the hyaline cartilage and
the matrix of this elastic cartilage
includes an abundance of elastic fibers.

A

Elastic

68
Q

example of elastic cartilage

A

External ear, epiglottis

69
Q

types of cartilage

A

hyaline, fibroud/fibrocartilage/elastic

70
Q

Cancellous / Spongy

A

Epiphysis or ends of long bones

71
Q

Compact Bone

A

Diaphysis or shaft is chiefly
compact bone

72
Q

Myeloid
Lymphoid

A
  • bone marrow
  • spleen
73
Q

example of specialized connective tissues

A

cartilage, bone, hematopoietic, blood, and lymph

74
Q

Primarily for contraction

A

muscle tissues

75
Q

composed of cells that optimize the universal
cell property for contractility

A

muscle tissues

76
Q

: found in intestinal tracts and blood vessels

A

Smooth (involuntary)

77
Q

: found in skeletal muscles

A

Striated (voluntary)

78
Q

: found in heart

A

Cardiac (striated but involuntary)

79
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

Central Nervous system (CNS)

80
Q

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

peripheral nerves, cranial, spinal nerves, and neuroganglia

81
Q

aggregates of nerve cells and provides support to neurons

A

neuroganglia

82
Q

special receptor

A

eye, ear, and nose

83
Q

becomes irreversible when the cells are
stressed severely that they are no longer able to adapt, and will later on lead to cell death.

A

cell death

84
Q

Cellular Injury can be reversible still depending if it’s just starting, if the stimuli can still be removed, or if?

A

mild or transient.

85
Q

Reversible Cellular Injury is characterized by?

A

● Generalized swelling of the cell and its organelles
● Blebbing or the presence of protrusion of the Plasma
Membrane
● Detachment of ribosomes from the Endoplasmic
Reticulum
● Clumping of nuclear chromatin

86
Q

First / Earliest manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

A

Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar
Degeneration

87
Q

Cells are already incapable of maintaining
the ionic and fluid homeostasis because there is already a defect on the energy dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane

A

Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar
Degeneration

88
Q

Alteration in cellular swelling

A

○ Plasma membrane alterations
■ Blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
○ Mitochondrial changes
■ Swelling and the appearance of small
amorphous densities
○ Dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
with detachment of polysomes
○ Nuclear alterations
■ Disaggregation of granular and fibrillar
elements.

89
Q

Fatty change are due to?

A

○ Hypoxic injury
○ Toxic or metabolic injury

90
Q

manifested as an abundance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

A

Fatty change

91
Q

major organ or fat metabolism

A

liver

HPCT311 (4 decks)

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