BASIC HISTOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGIC PATTERN OF CELLULAR INJURY Flashcards
branch of biology that studies the
microscopic anatomy of biological tissue
histology
counterpart of gross Anatomy
histology
3 germ layers
ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm
later on give rise to the nervous
system and the epidermal skin cells
ectoderm
give rise to the digestive system
and internal organs
endoderm
give rise to the muscle cells and
connective tissue in the body.
mesoderm
Two interacting components during development the two interacting components
become functionally specialized, they will later on give rise to fundamental types of tissues with characteristic structural features.
Cells and ECM
formed by an orderly combination of the
tissues and precise arrangement allows the
functioning of each organ and of the organism as a whole.
organ
produces the extracellular matrix
cells
produced by the cells; serves as support of the cells because they carry away the waste, carry away the secretory products as well as connect with the cell surface receptors
ECM
a group of cells of common origin and
common function.
tissue
Four Major Categories of Tissue
● Epithelial tissue
● Connective Tissue
● Muscle Tissue
● Nervous Tissue
cells that are taller than they are
wide
columnar
cells that change their shape
when the epithelium is stretched
transitional
Examples of Simple Squamous Epithelium
● Bowman’s capsule
● Endothelium of blood vessels
● Loop of Henle
● Alveoli of lungs
Example of Cuboidal
thyroid follicles and ducts of
glands
Example of Columnar
● Gallbladder (NONCILIATED)
● Uterine tube (CILIATED)
Ex of Stratified Squamous
- Epidermis of the skin (keratinized)
● Vagina (Non-keratinized)
● Esophagus (Non-keratinized)
● Cervix (Non-keratinized)
ex of stratified cuboidal
sweat glands
ex of stratified columnar
male urethra
example of stratified transitional
Urinary tract, specifically in the urinary
bladder
can be seen in female reproductive; tract (non-ciliated), and trachea (ciliated)
Pseudostratified
glands with ducts
Exocrine
can be seen in Prostate and Salivary gland
Tubulo-acinar
examples of acinar/alveolar
Pancreas
Salivary gland
can be seen in stomach and uterus
tubular
has an elongated secretory portion and the
duct is small which is usually small or absent.
simple tubular duct
can be seen in the mucus gland of the colon
simple tubular duct
Almost has the sameappearance with simple tubular but this one has branches
branched tubular
Can be found in glands in the uterus and stomach
branched tubular
looking like a “semi-colon”
coiled tubular
can be seen in the sweat glands
coiled tubular
secretory portion is round and sack-like
Acinar/Alveolar
seen in the small mucus gland along the urethra
Acinar/Alveolar
multiple sack-like secretory portions, but
still enters one duct
branched acinar / branched alveolar
can be seen in the
sebaceous glands of the skin
branched acinar / branched alveolar
They have several elongated secretory units. Their ducts still converge to form multiple larger ducts
compound tubular
can be found in the submucosal gland in the duodenum
compound tubular
has multiple sack-like secretory portions but they have multiple small ducts
compound acinar/alveolar
can be seen in the exocrine pancreas
compound acinar/alveolar
This is a mix of both tubular and acinar characteristics.
compound tubulo-acinar
connected to one small duct and later
on draining to one larger duct
compound tubulo-acinar
can be seen in the salivary glands
compound tubulo-acinar
glands without ducts
endocrine
Highly vascular and discharge their secretions
directly into blood vessels
endocrine
type of secretion where cells are still intact and they release their products by means of __________?
merocrine; exocytosis
Secretions accumulate below the free surface of the cell through which it is released
merocrine
example of merocine
goblet cells, sweat glands
cell is being destroyed, but not necessarily the whole cell.
apocrine
Secretions accumulate below the free surface
but can only be released by breaking away of
the distal part of the epithelium
apocrine
example of apocrine
Mammary glands in milk secretion
There is a complete breakdown of the secretory cell in order to release the content.
holocrine
example of holocrine
Sebaceous glands
usually have more ground substance than collagen.
Loose Connective tissue
Mucoid tissues:
Reticular:
Mesenchyme (Mesenchymal cells):
Adipose:
Wharton’s jelly
Bone marrow, lymph node
embryo and fetus
hypodermis
contains more fibers as compared to extracellular matrix and loose connective tissue.
Dense Connective tissue
They have similar components to the
loose connective tissue but with
fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts are
available here
Dense Connective tissue
type of collagen predominant in dense irregular
type 1
examples of dense irregular
capsules of organs and dermis
There are more type 1 collagen
fibers, more bundles are present and
the arrangement or pattern structures
are not irregular.
Dense Regular
examples of Dense Regular
○ Tendons
○ Stroma of cornea
○ Ligaments
○ Aponeurosis
Most common; have less collagen and more proteoglycan
hyaline
This is already a hyaline cartilage and
combined with small amounts of dense
connective tissue.
Fibrous / Fibrocartilage
Can be seen in Intervertebral discs
Fibrous / Fibrocartilage
example of hyaline
trachea
Has elasticity due to the presence of the
abundance of elastic fibers
Elastic
It resembles the hyaline cartilage and
the matrix of this elastic cartilage
includes an abundance of elastic fibers.
Elastic
example of elastic cartilage
External ear, epiglottis
types of cartilage
hyaline, fibroud/fibrocartilage/elastic
Cancellous / Spongy
Epiphysis or ends of long bones
Compact Bone
Diaphysis or shaft is chiefly
compact bone
Myeloid
Lymphoid
- bone marrow
- spleen
example of specialized connective tissues
cartilage, bone, hematopoietic, blood, and lymph
Primarily for contraction
muscle tissues
composed of cells that optimize the universal
cell property for contractility
muscle tissues
: found in intestinal tracts and blood vessels
Smooth (involuntary)
: found in skeletal muscles
Striated (voluntary)
: found in heart
Cardiac (striated but involuntary)
brain and spinal cord
Central Nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
peripheral nerves, cranial, spinal nerves, and neuroganglia
aggregates of nerve cells and provides support to neurons
neuroganglia
special receptor
eye, ear, and nose
becomes irreversible when the cells are
stressed severely that they are no longer able to adapt, and will later on lead to cell death.
cell death
Cellular Injury can be reversible still depending if it’s just starting, if the stimuli can still be removed, or if?
mild or transient.
Reversible Cellular Injury is characterized by?
● Generalized swelling of the cell and its organelles
● Blebbing or the presence of protrusion of the Plasma
Membrane
● Detachment of ribosomes from the Endoplasmic
Reticulum
● Clumping of nuclear chromatin
First / Earliest manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells
Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar
Degeneration
Cells are already incapable of maintaining
the ionic and fluid homeostasis because there is already a defect on the energy dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane
Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar
Degeneration
Alteration in cellular swelling
○ Plasma membrane alterations
■ Blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli
○ Mitochondrial changes
■ Swelling and the appearance of small
amorphous densities
○ Dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER),
with detachment of polysomes
○ Nuclear alterations
■ Disaggregation of granular and fibrillar
elements.
Fatty change are due to?
○ Hypoxic injury
○ Toxic or metabolic injury
manifested as an abundance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm
Fatty change
major organ or fat metabolism
liver
