BASIC HISTOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGIC PATTERN OF CELLULAR INJURY

Question 1

branch of biology that studies the
microscopic anatomy of biological tissue

Answer 1

histology

Question 2

counterpart of gross Anatomy

Answer 2

histology

Question 3

3 germ layers

Answer 3

ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm

Question 4

later on give rise to the nervous
system and the epidermal skin cells

Answer 4

ectoderm

Question 5

give rise to the digestive system
and internal organs

Answer 5

endoderm

Question 6

give rise to the muscle cells and
connective tissue in the body.

Answer 6

mesoderm

Question 7

Two interacting components during development the two interacting components
become functionally specialized, they will later on give rise to fundamental types of tissues with characteristic structural features.

Answer 7

Cells and ECM

Question 8

formed by an orderly combination of the
tissues and precise arrangement allows the
functioning of each organ and of the organism as a whole.

Answer 8

organ

Question 9

produces the extracellular matrix

Answer 9

cells

Question 10

produced by the cells; serves as support of the cells because they carry away the waste, carry away the secretory products as well as connect with the cell surface receptors

Answer 10

ECM

Question 11

a group of cells of common origin and
common function.

Answer 11

tissue

Question 12

Four Major Categories of Tissue

Answer 12

● Epithelial tissue
● Connective Tissue
● Muscle Tissue
● Nervous Tissue

Question 13

cells that are taller than they are
wide

Answer 13

columnar

Question 14

cells that change their shape
when the epithelium is stretched

Answer 14

transitional

Question 15

Examples of Simple Squamous Epithelium

Answer 15

● Bowman’s capsule
● Endothelium of blood vessels
● Loop of Henle
● Alveoli of lungs

Question 16

Example of Cuboidal

Answer 16

thyroid follicles and ducts of
glands

Question 17

Example of Columnar

Answer 17

● Gallbladder (NONCILIATED)
● Uterine tube (CILIATED)

Question 18

Ex of Stratified Squamous

Answer 18

• Epidermis of the skin (keratinized)
  ● Vagina (Non-keratinized)
  ● Esophagus (Non-keratinized)
  ● Cervix (Non-keratinized)

Question 19

ex of stratified cuboidal

Answer 19

sweat glands

Question 20

ex of stratified columnar

Answer 20

male urethra

Question 21

example of stratified transitional

Answer 21

Urinary tract, specifically in the urinary
bladder

Question 22

can be seen in female reproductive; tract (non-ciliated), and trachea (ciliated)

Answer 22

Pseudostratified

Question 23

glands with ducts

Answer 23

Exocrine

Question 24

can be seen in Prostate and Salivary gland

Answer 24

Tubulo-acinar

Question 25

examples of acinar/alveolar

Answer 25

Pancreas Salivary gland

Question 26

can be seen in stomach and uterus

Answer 26

tubular

Question 27

has an elongated secretory portion and the duct is small which is usually small or absent.

Answer 27

simple tubular duct

Question 28

can be seen in the mucus gland of the colon

Answer 28

simple tubular duct

Question 29

Almost has the sameappearance with simple tubular but this one has branches

Answer 29

branched tubular

Question 30

Can be found in glands in the uterus and stomach

Answer 30

branched tubular

Question 31

looking like a “semi-colon”

Answer 31

coiled tubular

Question 32

can be seen in the sweat glands

Answer 32

coiled tubular

Question 33

secretory portion is round and sack-like

Answer 33

Acinar/Alveolar

Question 34

seen in the small mucus gland along the urethra

Answer 34

Acinar/Alveolar

Question 35

multiple sack-like secretory portions, but still enters one duct

Answer 35

branched acinar / branched alveolar

Question 36

can be seen in the sebaceous glands of the skin

Answer 36

branched acinar / branched alveolar

Question 37

They have several elongated secretory units. Their ducts still converge to form multiple larger ducts

Answer 37

compound tubular

Question 38

can be found in the submucosal gland in the duodenum

Answer 38

compound tubular

Question 39

has multiple sack-like secretory portions but they have multiple small ducts

Answer 39

compound acinar/alveolar

Question 40

can be seen in the exocrine pancreas

Answer 40

compound acinar/alveolar

Question 41

This is a mix of both tubular and acinar characteristics.

Answer 41

compound tubulo-acinar

Question 42

connected to one small duct and later on draining to one larger duct

Answer 42

compound tubulo-acinar

Question 43

can be seen in the salivary glands

Answer 43

compound tubulo-acinar

Question 44

glands without ducts

Answer 44

endocrine

Question 45

Highly vascular and discharge their secretions directly into blood vessels

Answer 45

endocrine

Question 46

type of secretion where cells are still intact and they release their products by means of __________?

Answer 46

merocrine; exocytosis

Question 47

Secretions accumulate below the free surface of the cell through which it is released

Answer 47

merocrine

Question 48

example of merocine

Answer 48

goblet cells, sweat glands

Question 49

cell is being destroyed, but not necessarily the whole cell.

Answer 49

apocrine

Question 50

Secretions accumulate below the free surface but can only be released by breaking away of the distal part of the epithelium

Answer 50

apocrine

Question 51

example of apocrine

Answer 51

Mammary glands in milk secretion

Question 52

There is a complete breakdown of the secretory cell in order to release the content.

Answer 52

holocrine

Question 53

example of holocrine

Answer 53

Sebaceous glands

Question 54

usually have more ground substance than collagen.

Answer 54

Loose Connective tissue

Question 55

Mucoid tissues: Reticular: Mesenchyme (Mesenchymal cells): Adipose:

Answer 55

Wharton’s jelly Bone marrow, lymph node embryo and fetus hypodermis

Question 56

contains more fibers as compared to extracellular matrix and loose connective tissue.

Answer 56

Dense Connective tissue

Question 57

They have similar components to the loose connective tissue but with fewer cells, mostly fibroblasts are available here

Answer 57

Dense Connective tissue

Question 58

type of collagen predominant in dense irregular

Answer 58

type 1

Question 59

examples of dense irregular

Answer 59

capsules of organs and dermis

Question 60

There are more type 1 collagen fibers, more bundles are present and the arrangement or pattern structures are not irregular.

Answer 60

Dense Regular

Question 61

examples of Dense Regular

Answer 61

○ Tendons ○ Stroma of cornea ○ Ligaments ○ Aponeurosis

Question 62

Most common; have less collagen and more proteoglycan

Answer 62

hyaline

Question 63

This is already a hyaline cartilage and combined with small amounts of dense connective tissue.

Answer 63

Fibrous / Fibrocartilage

Question 64

Can be seen in Intervertebral discs

Answer 64

Fibrous / Fibrocartilage

Question 65

example of hyaline

Answer 65

trachea

Question 66

Has elasticity due to the presence of the abundance of elastic fibers

Answer 66

Elastic

Question 67

It resembles the hyaline cartilage and the matrix of this elastic cartilage includes an abundance of elastic fibers.

Answer 67

Elastic

Question 68

example of elastic cartilage

Answer 68

External ear, epiglottis

Question 69

types of cartilage

Answer 69

hyaline, fibroud/fibrocartilage/elastic

Question 70

Cancellous / Spongy

Answer 70

Epiphysis or ends of long bones

Question 71

Compact Bone

Answer 71

Diaphysis or shaft is chiefly compact bone

Question 72

Myeloid Lymphoid

Answer 72

- bone marrow - spleen

Question 73

example of specialized connective tissues

Answer 73

cartilage, bone, hematopoietic, blood, and lymph

Question 74

Primarily for contraction

Answer 74

muscle tissues

Question 75

composed of cells that optimize the universal cell property for contractility

Answer 75

muscle tissues

Question 76

: found in intestinal tracts and blood vessels

Answer 76

Smooth (involuntary)

Question 77

: found in skeletal muscles

Answer 77

Striated (voluntary)

Question 78

: found in heart

Answer 78

Cardiac (striated but involuntary)

Question 79

brain and spinal cord

Answer 79

Central Nervous system (CNS)

Question 80

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Answer 80

peripheral nerves, cranial, spinal nerves, and neuroganglia

Question 81

aggregates of nerve cells and provides support to neurons

Answer 81

neuroganglia

Question 82

special receptor

Answer 82

eye, ear, and nose

Question 83

becomes irreversible when the cells are stressed severely that they are no longer able to adapt, and will later on lead to cell death.

Answer 83

cell death

Question 84

Cellular Injury can be reversible still depending if it’s just starting, if the stimuli can still be removed, or if?

Answer 84

mild or transient.

Question 85

Reversible Cellular Injury is characterized by?

Answer 85

● Generalized swelling of the cell and its organelles ● Blebbing or the presence of protrusion of the Plasma Membrane ● Detachment of ribosomes from the Endoplasmic Reticulum ● Clumping of nuclear chromatin

Question 86

First / Earliest manifestation of almost all forms of injury to cells

Answer 86

Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar Degeneration

Question 87

Cells are already incapable of maintaining the ionic and fluid homeostasis because there is already a defect on the energy dependent ion pumps in the plasma membrane

Answer 87

Cellular Swelling / Hydropic change / Vacuolar Degeneration

Question 88

Alteration in cellular swelling

Answer 88

○ Plasma membrane alterations ■ Blebbing, blunting, and loss of microvilli ○ Mitochondrial changes ■ Swelling and the appearance of small amorphous densities ○ Dilation of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), with detachment of polysomes ○ Nuclear alterations ■ Disaggregation of granular and fibrillar elements.

Question 89

Fatty change are due to?

Answer 89

○ Hypoxic injury ○ Toxic or metabolic injury

Question 90

manifested as an abundance of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm

Answer 90

Fatty change

Question 91

major organ or fat metabolism

Answer 91

liver