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Clinical Chemistry > Laboratory Safety, Basic Units & Conversion Factors > Flashcards

Laboratory Safety, Basic Units & Conversion Factors Flashcards

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1
Q

It is a policies that mandate measures to reduce or eliminate exposure to hazard

A

Work Practice Control

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2
Q

-Hand washing after each patient contact -Cleaning surfaces with disinfectants
-Avoiding unnecessary use of needles and sharps and not recapping
-Red bag waste disposal
-Immunization for hepatitis
-Job rotation to minimize repetitive tasks -Orientation, training, and continuing education -No eating, drinking, or smoking in laboratory
-Signage/warning signage

A

Work Practice Control

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3
Q

A safety features built into the overall design of a product

A

Engineering controls

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4
Q

-Puncture-resistant containers for disposal and transport of needles and sharps
-Safety needles that automatically retract after removal
-Biohazard bags
-Splash guards
-Volatile liquid carriers
-Centrifuge safety buckets
-Biological safety cabinets and fume hoods -Mechanical pipetting devices
-Computer wrist/arm pads
-Sensor-controlled sinks or foot/knee/ elbow controlled faucets

A

Engineering controls

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5
Q

A barriers that physically separate the user from a hazard

A

PPE

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6
Q

-Nonlatex gloves Isolation gowns
-Masks, including particulate respirators
-Face shields
-Protective eyewear (goggles, safety glasses)

A

PPE

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7
Q

-Chemical-resistant gloves;
-subzero (freezer) gloves; thermal gloves
-Hearing protection (earplugs or earmuffs) -Eyewash station
-Safety shower
-Fire extinguisher
-Laboratory spill kit
-First aid kit

A

Emergency equipment

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8
Q

Thermodynamic temperature

A

Kelvin

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9
Q

Celsius temperature

A

Degree celsius

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10
Q

A predominant practice for temperature measurement uses:

A

Celsius or centigrade

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11
Q

The SI designation for temperature:

A

Kelvin

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12
Q

Unit of enzymes. A catalytic activity.

A

Katal

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13
Q

Formula of Celsius to Fahrenheit

A

°C (9/5) + 32

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14
Q

Formula of Fahrenheit to Celsius:

A

(°F - 32) 5/9

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15
Q

Exa

A

10’18

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16
Q

Peta

A

10’15

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17
Q

Tera

A

10’12

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18
Q

Giga

A

10’9

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19
Q

Mega

A

10’6

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20
Q

Kilo

A

10’3

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21
Q

Hecto

A

10’2

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22
Q

Deka

A

10’1

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23
Q

Deci

A

10’-1

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24
Q

Centi

A

10’-2

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25
Q

Milli

A

10’-3

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26
Q

Micro

A

10’-6

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27
Q

Nano

A

10’-9

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28
Q

Pico

A

10’-12

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29
Q

Femto

A

10’-15

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30
Q

Atto

A

10’-18

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31
Q

Conversion factor of Albumin:

A

10

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32
Q

Conversion factor of Bilirubin

A

17.1

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33
Q

Conversion factor of BUN

A

0.357

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34
Q

Conversion factor of Na, K, Cl

A

1

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35
Q

Conversion factor of Cholesterol

A

0.026

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36
Q

Conversion factor of Creatinine

A

88.4

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37
Q

Conversion factor of Glucose

A

0.0555

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38
Q

Conversion factor of Thyroxine

A

12.87

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39
Q

Conversion factor of Total Protein

A

10

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40
Q

Conversion factor of Triglycerides

A

0.0113

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41
Q

Conversion factor of Uric Acid

A

0.0595

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42
Q

Wavelength of visible

A

400-700nm

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43
Q

Wavelength of UV region

A

<400nm

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44
Q

Wavelength of Infrared region

A

> 700 nm

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45
Q

Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength

A

Planck

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46
Q

A measurement of light transmitted by a solution

A

Spectrophotometry

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47
Q

Polychromatic light ; many color

A

Light/Radiant source

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48
Q

Most commonly used light

A

Tungsten light bulb/incandescent tungsten/tungsten iodide lamp

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49
Q

Light source used in AAS

A

Hollow cathode lamp

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50
Q

Most commonly used light in UV

A

deuterium discharge lamp and the mercury arc lamp

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51
Q

Wavelength of hydrogen deuterium lamp

A

200-375 nm

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52
Q

It minimizes unwanted stray light.

A

Entrance slit

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53
Q

The most common cause of loss of linearity

A

Stray light

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54
Q

Major effect of stray light

A

Absorbance error

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55
Q

It detects stray light

A

Cutoff filters

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56
Q

It verifies absorbance accuracy on linearity

A

Neutral filter & dichromate solution

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57
Q

Increase concentration, increase absorbance

A

Linearity

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58
Q

It isolates specific wavelengths of light.

A

Monochromator

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59
Q

Most commonly used monochromator

A

Diffraction gratings

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60
Q

Short wavelengths are refracted more than long wavelengths

A

Prism

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61
Q

A least expensive, not precise, they are simple, inexpensive, and useful monochromator

A

Colored glass filter

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62
Q

Check wavelength accuracy

A

Didymium or holmium oxide filter
Mercury arc lamp

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63
Q

Measurement of assay at two different wavelength

A

Bichromatic analysis

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64
Q

It controls the bandpass or band width

A

Exit slit

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65
Q

It holds the solution

A

Cuvet

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66
Q

Also called absorption cell/analytical cell/sample cell

A

Cuvet

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67
Q

Examples of cuvet

A

Etched
Square cuvette
Scratched optical surface
Alumina silica
Glass cuvette
Quartz

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68
Q

Most commonly used cuvet

A

Alumina silica

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69
Q

Cuvet with less error from lens effect

A

Square cuvette

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70
Q

Cuvet that scatters light

A

Scratched optical surfaces

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71
Q

Cuvet for visible range but absorbs UV

A

Glass cuvettes

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72
Q

Cuvet for UV radiation

A

Quartz

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73
Q

Low absorbance is equal to ____ transmittance

A

High

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74
Q

High absorbance is equal to ____ transmittance

A

Low

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75
Q

Unknown substance is directly proportional to absorbed light and inversely proportional to transmitted light

A

Beer’s law

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76
Q

High concentration is equal to ____ absorbance

A

High

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77
Q

The absorbance increases exponentially with an increase in the light path

A

Lambert law

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78
Q

It detects and converts transmitted light to electrical energy

A

Photodectector

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79
Q

The most common type of photodetector and has an excellent sensitivity

A

Photomultiplier tube

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80
Q

It should never be exposed to room light because it will burn out

A

Photomultiplier tube

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81
Q

Simplest detector. It requires no external voltage source

A

Barrier cell/Photocell/Photovoltaic Cell

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82
Q

It differs in that an outside voltage is required for operation

A

Phototube

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83
Q

Respond to a specific wavelength UV/visible

A

Photodiode

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84
Q

Designed with _________photodiodes that are arranged in linear fashion

A

256-2048

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85
Q

Displays output result

A

Meter or readout device

86
Q

Simplest type of beam. One measurement at a time.

A

Single beam spectrophotometer

87
Q

Permit automatic correction of sample and reference absorbance

A

Double Beam spectrophotometer

88
Q

Use two photodetectors

A

Double Beam in space

89
Q

Use one photodetector

A

Double Beam in time

90
Q

A solution consisting of all the components of a reaction except the analyte

A

Blank

91
Q

It has no sample.
Contains the same reagents used for the test.
Adjust the spectrophotometer to 100% transmittance.
No correction for interfering chromogen or lipemia.

A

Reagent blank

92
Q

Remedy in blanking technique.

A

Ultracentrifuge

93
Q

Serum with Reagent. For correcting absorbance caused by reagents color and hemoglobin.
Turbidity by lipid is not corrected.

A

Blanking technique

94
Q

It removes turbidity

A

Ultracentrifuge

95
Q

It is used to subtract the intrinsic absorbance of the sample usually caused by hemolysis, icterus, turbidity, or drug interference

A

Sample blank

96
Q

It has its first Reagent.
It has no Reagent for color development.

A

Sample blank

97
Q

Measure the light emitted by a single atom burned in a flame.

A

Flame emission photometry

98
Q

Flame color from hottest to least hot

A

Blue
White
Yellow
Orange
Red

99
Q

Hottest flame color

A

Blue

100
Q

Flame color of sodium

A

Yellow

101
Q

Flame color of potassium

A

Violet

102
Q

Flame color of lithium/rubidium

A

Red

103
Q

Flame color of magnesium/copper

A

Blue

104
Q

Internal standard in FEP

A

Lithium and Cesium

105
Q

Doesn’t create color reaction

A

Unexcited molecule

106
Q

No color reaction

A

Dissociation

107
Q

Light intensity of atoms that are emitting energy

A

Concentration

108
Q

Measures light absorbed by atoms dissociated by heat

A

Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry

109
Q

Bring the metal analyte from molecular form into its Atomic form at ground state.
It accepts the sample/cuvet

A

Flame

110
Q

Unexcited Trace Metals
“CaCoMa LeAlLi Zinc”

A

Calcium
Copper
Magnesium
Lead
Aluminum
Lithium
Zinc

111
Q

Most common burner

A

Premix long path burner

112
Q

Uses electricity to break the chemical bonds instead of flame.

A

Flameless AAS

113
Q

Used in increased sensitivity for atomic emission

A

Inductively Coupled Plasma

114
Q

Periodic table of elements assay

A

ICP + MS

115
Q

Controls light intensity

A

Attenuator

116
Q

Selects wavelength that is best absorbed by the solution

A

Primary filter

117
Q

Detects fluorescing sample

A

Detector

118
Q

Most frequently used sources of excitation radiant energy

A

Gas discharge lamp (mercury & xenon arc)

119
Q

Most spectrofluorometers use a:

A

High pressure xenon lamp

120
Q

Measure amount of light intensity emitted by a molecule after excitation by electromagnetic radiation

A

Fluorometry/Molecular Luminescence Spectrophotometry

121
Q

______ more sensitive than spectrophotometer

A

1000x

122
Q

Disadvantage of fluorometry

A

Quenching effect

123
Q

Temperature in fluorometry should not be:

A

High temperature

124
Q

pH in fluorometry should not be:

A

Acidic

125
Q

Widely used for the detection of therapeutic and abused drugs

A

Fluorescence Polarization

126
Q

Enhance of chemiluminescence

A

Enzyme (Bioluminescence)

127
Q

It is more sensitive than fluorometry

A

Chemiluminescence

128
Q

Emission of light is created from a chemical or electrochemical reaction. No excitation, no monochromator.

A

Chemiluminescence

129
Q

Reducing agents are:

A

Donors

130
Q

Oxidizing agents are:

A

Acceptor

131
Q

It speeds up chemical reactions.

A

Enzyme

132
Q

Light blocked by a particle in a solution

A

Turbidimetry

133
Q

Turbidimetry is dependent on:

A

Concentration and Size

134
Q

For measuring abundant large particles

A

Turbidimetry

135
Q

It determines the amount of scattered light

A

Nephelometry

136
Q

It is more sensitive than turbidimetry

A

Nephelometry

137
Q

For measuring antigen-antibody complexes

A

Nephelometry

138
Q

Nephelometry depends on:

A

Wavelength and particle size

139
Q

Macromolecules > Wavelength measures the:

A

Forward angle

140
Q

Application of laser lights

A

Coulter counter

141
Q

More sensitive than spectrophotometer

A

Laser lights

142
Q

Narrow spectral width and small crossed sectional area with low divergence. The determination of structure and identification of samples.

A

Laser lights

143
Q

pH where protein has no net charge

A

Isoelectric point

144
Q

A molecule, such as protein, whose net charge can be either positive or negative due to amino acid.

A

Ampholyte

145
Q

What pH does proteins migrate and divide

A

pH 8.6

146
Q

Migration of small ions

A

Iontophoresis

147
Q

Electrophoresis of proteins from fastest to slowest:

A

Albumin
A1 globulin
A2 globulin
Beta globulin
Gamma globulin

148
Q

Migration of charged macromolecules

A

Zone electrophoresis

149
Q

Migration of charged particles in electrophoresis

A

Towards anode

150
Q

In capillary electrophoresis, molecules are separated by:

A

Electro osmotic flow

151
Q

In capillary electrophoresis, a charge that moves faster

A

Positive charge

152
Q

In capillary electrophoresis, a charge that moves slower

A

Negative charge

153
Q

A separation is performed in narrow bore fused silica capillaries

A

Capillary electrophoresis

154
Q

Separate proteins into as many as 12 zones

A

High resolution protein electrophoresis

155
Q

Ideal for separating proteins of identical size but with different net charge

A

Isoelectric focusing

156
Q

In isoelectric focusing, molecules migrate thru a:

A

pH gradient

157
Q

Components of electrophoresis

A

Driving force
Support medium
Buffer
Sample
Detecting system

158
Q

Separates the charge and molecular size

A

Starch gel

159
Q

Separates by molecular size used in isoelectric focusing

A

Cellulose acetate

160
Q

Neutral, does not bind to protein and separates by electrical charge

A

Agarose gel

161
Q

Neutral, separates by charge and size, separates protein into 20 fractions. It is for isoenzymes

A

Polyacrylamide gel

162
Q

Measures absorbance of stain. Scan and quantitate electrophoretic pattern.

A

Densitometry

163
Q

Specimen for high protein concentration and must be diluted

A

Serum

164
Q

Specimen for low protein and concentrated

A

Urine and CSF

165
Q

Specimen for no concentration

A

Hemoglobin hemolysate

166
Q

Used for CSF proteins

A

Silver nitrate

167
Q

Used for lipoprotein

A

Fat red 7b and oil red O

168
Q

Used for lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes.

A

Nitrotetrazolium blue

169
Q

Separation of soluble components in a solution

A

Chromatography

170
Q

Distance leading edge of component moves/total distance of solvent

A

Retention Factor (RF) Factor

171
Q

Chromatography for sugar and amino acid

A

Paper chromatography (Whatman paper)

172
Q

Chromatography for drug screening

A

Thin layer chromatography (silica gel or alumina)

173
Q

Gold standard for drug testing

A

GC-MS

174
Q

How many days should the test be challenged after receipt of the result through GC-MS

A

15 days

175
Q

Detects 20 inborn errors of metabolism

A

MS/MS Tandem Mass spectrometry

176
Q

Most widely used. It uses pressure for fast separations.

A

HPLC

177
Q

Uses of HPLC

A

Rapid HbA1c and Hb disease

178
Q

Test use in volumetric

A

Scales and scales method (Chloride test)

179
Q

Volumetric formula

A

Unknown sample + known sample + indicator

180
Q

Measurement of osmolality or concentration

A

Osmometry

181
Q

Osmotic particles

A

Glucose
Urea nitrogen
Sodium
Ethanol
Alcohol

182
Q

Colligative properties of solution

A

Osmotic pressure
Boiling point
Freezing point
Vapor pressure

183
Q

Most commonly used method for measuring the changes in colligative properties in a solution.

A

Freezing point

184
Q

Reference solution in osmometry

A

Sodium chloride

185
Q

How many degrees does the freezing point be lowered by:

A

-1.86 °C

186
Q

Vapor pressure is lowered by:

A

0.3 mmHg or Torr

187
Q

How many degrees does the boiling point raised by:

A

0.52 °C

188
Q

Indirectly indicates the presence of osmotically active substances

A

Osmolal gap

189
Q

The difference between the measured osmolality and the calculated osmolality

A

Osmolal gap

190
Q

Formula of osmolal gap

A

Measured osmolality - calculated osmolality

191
Q

True or false:
FaVor is inversely proportional to osmolality

A

True

192
Q

True or false:
FaVor increases while osmotic pressure decreases

A

False

*FaVor decreases while osmotic pressure increases

193
Q

True or false:
BP & OP is inversely proportional to osmolality

A

False

*BP & OP is directly proportional to osmolality

194
Q

True or false:
BP & OP increases, osmolality increases

A

True

195
Q

Measurement of current or voltage generated by activity of specific ion

A

Electrochemistry techniques

196
Q

A type of potentiometric, ion-selective electrode, used to separate membrane from sample solution

A

ISE Membrane

197
Q

NH4+ analysis

A

No action & monactin

198
Q

Electrolyte in glass aluminum silicate

A

Sodium

199
Q

Electrolyte in antibiotic valinomycin gel

A

Potassium

200
Q

Electrolyte in dioctylphenyl phosphate

A

Calcium

201
Q

Test for pO2

A

Clarke electrode

202
Q

Test for glucose

A

Glucose oxidase

203
Q

Measures the amount of current produced through the oxidation or reduction of the substance to be measured at an electrode held at a fixed potential

A

Amperometry

204
Q

Uses in potentiometry

A

pH and pCO2

205
Q

Reference electrode of potentiometry

A

Calomel or Silver-silver chloride

206
Q

Electrode for pCO2

A

Severinghaus

207
Q

Equation use for pH

A

Nernst equation

208
Q

Use in coulometry

A

Chloride coulometer

209
Q

It is based on Faraday’s law.
A number of equivalent weights of a reactant oxidized or reduced is directly proportional to the quantity of electricity used in the reaction

A

Coulometry

210
Q

It is based on polarography.
Trace metal ions in the solution are reduced and plated onto anodic electrodes.
Metal stripped off anode.
For the analysis of lead

A

Anodic stripping voltammetry

211
Q

Voltage at which sharp rise in current occurs characteristic of the electrochemical reaction involved

A

Polarography

212
Q

It is the measurement of difference in current at a constant voltage

A

Polarography

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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