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Clinical Chemistry > Carbohydrates > Flashcards

Carbohydrates Flashcards

1
Q

Starch, glycogen and cellulose are:

A

Polysaccharides

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2
Q

Sucrose, Lactose and Maltose are:

A

Disaccharides

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3
Q

Glucose, Galactose and Fructose are examples of:

A

Monosaccharides

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4
Q

Glucose + Glucose

A

Maltose

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5
Q

Glucose + Galactose

A

Lactose

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6
Q

Glucose + Fructose

A

Sucrose

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7
Q

Primary source of energy; can be converted to fatty acid then adipose

A

Glucose

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8
Q

Renal threshold of glucose:

A

160-180 my/dL

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9
Q

Average of glucose:

A

170 mg/dL

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10
Q

The only hypoglycemic hormone, B cells of Islets of Langerhan of Pancreas

A

Insulin

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11
Q

Glucose metabolism

A

Glycolysis

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12
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen from storage.

A

Glycogenesis

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13
Q

Conversion of glucose to fatty acid

A

Lipogenesis

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14
Q

Primary hyperglycemic agent.

A

Glucagon

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15
Q

Glycogen stores up to:

A

24-48 hrs

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16
Q

Breakdown of glycogen to glucose 6 PO4

A

Glycogenolysis

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17
Q

Decomposition of fat

A

Lipolysis

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18
Q

lipids + Pyruvate & lactate = Glucose

A

Gluconeogenesis

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19
Q

FBS level in hyperglycemic patient

A

> /= 126 mg/dL

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20
Q

It is toxic to beta cell function and impairs insulin secretion
An abnormally high blood glucose level and hallmarksign of Diabetes (I and II) and pre-diabetes.

A

Hyperglycemia

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21
Q

Genetics nightmare

A

Type 2 DM

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22
Q

Associated with obesity and sedentary lifestyle

A

Type 2 DM

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23
Q

Normal ratio of C-peptide:insulin:

A

5:1 - 15:1

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24
Q

C-peptide level of type 1 DM

A

Undetectable

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25
Q

C-peptide level of type 2 DM

A

Detectable

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26
Q

Ketones of Type 1 DM

A

Common, Uncontrollable (DKA)

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27
Q

Ketones of Type 2 DM

A

Rare

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28
Q

Major ketone

A

B hydroxybutyrate

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29
Q

Parent ketone

A

Acetoacetic acid

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30
Q

Least ketone

A

Acetone

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31
Q

The brain can use as a source of energy thru TCA cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle)
Acidic in nature

A

Ketones bodies

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32
Q

React only with acetoacetate

A

Gerhardt’s ferric chloride test

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33
Q

In severe DM, the ratio of B-hydroxybutyrate to acetoacetate is:

A

6:1

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34
Q

10x more sensitive to acetoacetate than to acetone

A

Nitroprusside test

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35
Q

Detects acetoacetate and acetone

A

Acetest

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36
Q

A form of type 1 DM that has no known

A

Idiopathic Type 1 DM

37
Q

Patient fasting hours

38
Q

Glucose is metabolized at room temp

A

7 my/dL/hr

39
Q

Glucose is metabolized at 4°C

A

2 mg/dL/hr

40
Q

Method specific to glucose

A

Enzymatic method

41
Q

You can preserve glucose in:

42
Q

Measures B-D-Glucose

A

Glucose Oxidase method

43
Q

Most specific method/Reference method

A

Hexokinase method

44
Q

Measures the rate of O2 consumption w/c is equal to glucose concentration

A

Polarography glucose oxidase

45
Q

Method of phosphomylbdate blue

46
Q

Method of arsenomolybdate

A

Nelson-Somogyi

47
Q

Reduction of cupric with glucose (2,9-dimethyl-1-10 phenanthroline hydrochloride)

A

Neocuproine method

48
Q

Examples of alkaline copper reduction method

A

Folin wu
Nelson somogyi
Neocuproine

49
Q

Method that usesnglacial Acetic Acid

A

Ortho-toluidine Method (Dubowski)

50
Q

Modification of Folin-Wu

A

Benedict’s Method

51
Q

Used for the detection and quantitation of reducing substances in body fluids.
Use citrate or tartrate as stabilizing agent.

A

Condensation method

52
Q

Glucose measurement using the reducing substances

A

5-15 mg/dL

53
Q

Formed from the nonenzymatic, irreversible attachment of glucose to hemoglobin A1

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

54
Q

Months that HbA1c can test

A

2-4 months

55
Q

Methods of HbA1c

A

Electrophoresis, Immunoassay, HPLC, Affinity Chromatography

56
Q

Specimen used in HbA1c

A

EDTA whole blood (nonfast)

57
Q

Reference range of HbA1c

58
Q

Effective treatment range of HbA1c

59
Q

It is useful in monitoring effectiveness of treatment and compliance of diabetic individual to treatment protocol

60
Q

Also known as Glycated Hb

61
Q

For monitoring of long term glucose control

A

Glycosylated Hemoglobin

62
Q

Measured by spectrophotometric/colorimetric methods, affinity chromatography, and high-performance liquid chromatography

A

Fructosamine

63
Q

Also known as glycosylated albumin

A

Fructosamine

64
Q

How many weeks can be tested in fructosamine

65
Q

Short term Glucose control

A

Glycosylated albumin

66
Q

Range of Impaired Plasma Glucose:

A

100-125 mg/dL

67
Q

Range of DM:

A

≥ 126 mg/dL

68
Q

Range of Non-Diabetic (Pre-Diabetes)/normal:

69
Q

Range of DM RBS/Casual plasma glucose:

A

≥ 200mg/dL (with symptoms of DM)

70
Q

Range of DM FBS:

A

≥126 mg/dL

71
Q

Range of DM 2-hr Post Glucose Load

A

≥200 mg/dL

72
Q

Impaired ability to metabolize carbohydrate usually caused by a deficiency of insulin ,metabolic or hormonal changes.

A

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM)

73
Q

If she is not found to have GDM during the initial screening, the woman should be retested at __________ weeks of gestation.

A

24-28 weeks

74
Q

Screening test for Gestational DM

A

1 hr GCT (50g)

75
Q

At what range is OGTT performed?

A

≥140 mg/dL,

76
Q

Kinds of GTT

A

Oral Glucose Tolerance Test ( OGTT)
Intravenous Glucose Tolerance Test (IVGTT)

77
Q

The most common method in OGTT. Single dose.

A

Janney-Isaac Method

78
Q

Methods in OGTT

A

Janney-Isaac Method
Exton Rose Method

79
Q

fasting plasma glucose in GDM

A

> 95 mg/dL

80
Q

1-hour plasma glucose in GDM

A

> 180 mg/dL

81
Q

2-hour plasma glucose in GDM

A

> 155 mg/dL

82
Q

3-hour plasma glucose in GDM

A

> 140 mg/dL

83
Q

Galactose-1-phosphate uridyltransferase deficiency (most common)

A

Galactosemia

84
Q

Fructokinase catalyzes the conversion of fructose to fructose 1 phosphate

A

Essential Fructosuria

85
Q

Methods in essential fructosuria

A

Seliwanoff
Bial’s

86
Q

Color of Seliwanoff

A

cherry red/red-orange

87
Q

Color of Bial’s

88
Q

a defect of fructose-1-6-biphosphate aldolase B

A

Hereditary Fructose intolerance

89
Q

result in failure of hepatic glucose generation

A

Fructose 1-6- biphosphate deficiency

Clinical Chemistry (6 decks)

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