Basic Approaches To Automation And Laboratory Apparatus

Question 1

Disadvantage of continuous flow analyzer

Answer 1

Parallel test (one sample per test)

Question 2

Samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway

Answer 2

Continuous Flow Analyzer

Question 3

It uses centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents

Answer 3

Centrifugal Analyzer

Question 4

It is capable of running multiple tests-one-sample-at-a-time. It has a random access system. The most popular and versatile. Used forSTAT sample

Answer 4

Discrete Analyzer

Question 5

Advantage of centrifugal analyzer

Answer 5

Batch parallel (multiple samples, one gets)

Question 6

Accelerate gravitational separation of substances differing in their masses

Answer 6

Centrifuge

Question 7

Vertical at rest, horizontal in motion.

Answer 7

Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor

Question 8

Disadvantage of Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor

Answer 8

Air friction (slower, poor sediment)

Question 9

Angle of head rotor

Answer 9

25° - 40°

Question 10

Faster than a swinging bucket due to less air resistance, allows more rapid sedimention

Answer 10

Angle/fixed

Question 11

High speed. Capable of 100,000 rpm. Refrigerated to reduce heat.

Answer 11

Ultracentrifuge

Question 12

For lipemic sample and a reference method of lipoprotein analysis.

Answer 12

Ultracentrifuge

Question 13

What will happen if you re-spin primary tubes?

Answer 13

Hemolysis

Question 14

What will happen if you re-spin SST?

Answer 14

Increased potassium

Question 15

Tachometer, strobe light and timer are used to:

Answer 15

Calibrate

Question 16

Speed test is calibrated every:

Answer 16

3 months/quarterly

Question 17

Disinfection is done:

Answer 17

Weekly

Question 18

It holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume.

Answer 18

To contain

Question 19

It must be rinsed out to deliver the entire content.

Answer 19

To contain

Question 20

Example of to contain pipet

Answer 20

Sahli pipets

Question 21

It dispenses the exact amount

Answer 21

To deliver

Question 22

It drains by gravity and should not be blown out.

Answer 22

Volumetric pipettes

Question 23

They deliver viscous fluids; Has etched ring or a pair of etched.

Answer 23

Ostwald-folin pipettes

Question 24

What kind are the volumetric and ostwald-folin pipettes?

Answer 24

Transfer pipettes

Question 25

Indicator for need to blow out

Answer 25

Etched ring

Question 26

Pipet that can't be blown out

Answer 26

Mohr pipettes

Question 27

Pipet that is calibrated to the tip and can be blown out.

Answer 27

Serologic pipettes

Question 28

What kind are serologic and Mohr pipettes?

Answer 28

Measuring pipette

Question 29

Example of to deliver pipet

Answer 29

Volumetric, Ostwald-folin, Serologic and Mohr pipettes

Question 30

It relies on the piston for suction. Uses disposable tips. Uses suction to aspirate & dispense sample through polypropylene tip.

Answer 30

Air displacement

Question 31

Most common automatic pipet

Answer 31

Air displacement

Question 32

It operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe.

Answer 32

Positive displacement

Question 33

It lacks air cushion. It can pipette high density samples. The aspiration force remains constant.

Answer 33

Positive displacement

Question 34

It has a specific amount of water and is pipetted into a weighed container

Answer 34

Gravimetric pipette calibration

Question 35

Uses a dye of known concentration and water

Answer 35

Volumetric pipette calibration

Question 36

It is a necessity for every clinical chemistry lab.

Answer 36

Fume hood

Question 37

Only safe place to open any container of a material that gives off harmful vapors. Prepare reagents that produce fumes. Heat flammable solvent.

Answer 37

Fume hood

Question 38

Changes in analyte concentration occur at different times during the day, week, or month

Answer 38

Cyclic variation

Question 39

Variation according to sleeping and waking times

Answer 39

Diurnal variation

Question 40

Occurs during a 24-hour period

Answer 40

Circadian variation

Question 41

Occurs twice a year; related to seasonal changes in climate and diet

Answer 41

Circannual variation

Question 42

Major concern in specimen collection

Answer 42

Patient identification, sample identification, and chain of custody

Question 43

It increases during exercise

Answer 43

APR, myoglobin, Hb, Creatinine, lactate/lactic acid, CK, LD, AST and Potassium

Question 44

It decreases during exercise

Answer 44

Glucose, TAG, Cholesterol

Question 45

It increases in ambulatory patients

Answer 45

CK

Question 46

Fist clenching increases:

Answer 46

Potassium, lactate and phosphate

Question 47

It increases in recent food ingestion

Answer 47

Gastrin, bicarbonate, glucose, TAG, ionized calcium

Question 48

It decreases in recent food ingestion

Answer 48

Chloride, phosphorus, potassium,amylase and ALP

Question 49

It increases in high protein

Answer 49

Urea/BUN

Question 50

It increases in high protein, low glucose, high TAG

Answer 50

Urine and serum ketones

Question 51

Serotonin rich foods

Answer 51

Banana Pineapple Tomato Avocado Coffee

Question 52

In serotonin rich food, an increase of urinary excretion of:

Answer 52

5 hydroxyindole acetic acid

Question 53

It increases in alcohol ingestion

Answer 53

GGT, AST, ALT, TAG, low glucose

Question 54

Decreases in diuretics

Answer 54

Sodium and potassium

Question 55

Deamination product of amino acids

Answer 55

Ammonia

Question 56

End product of protein metabolism/amino acid metabolism

Answer 56

Urea

Question 57

In thiazides, what disease are found?

Answer 57

Hyperglycemia and pre renal azotemia

Question 58

Increase when Standing

Answer 58

albumin, cholesterol, aldosterone, Ca2+

Question 59

Elevated when the patient changed from supine to upright:

Answer 59

Albumin and calcium

Question 60

Venous occlusion can increase:

Answer 60

Calcium

Question 61

Minutes before blood collection to prevent hemodilution/hemoconcentration

Answer 61

15-20 mins

Question 62

Hemoconcentration, Anaerobiosis, Increased potassium and low oxygen is caused by:

Answer 62

Prolonged tourniquet

Question 63

Increase glucose, growth hormone, cortisol, cholesterol, TAG and Urea is caused by:

Answer 63

Smoking

Question 64

Increase Albumin, ALP, phosphorus , cholesterol is caused by:

Answer 64

Old age

Question 65

It increases in male:

Answer 65

Albumin, ALP, creatine, Ca2+, uric acid, CK, AST, PO4, BUN, Mg2+, bilirubin, cholesterol

Question 66

It increases in females:

Answer 66

Fe, cholesterol, y-globulins, a-lipoproteins

Question 67

It increases in the morning:

Answer 67

ACTH, cortisol, Fe, aldosterone

Question 68

It increases in the evening:

Answer 68

ACP, growth hormone, PTH, TSH

Question 69

Increases during stress:

Answer 69

ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines

Question 70

Primary responders to stress

Answer 70

Catecholamines

Question 71

Increases during intramuscular injection:

Answer 71

CK and LD

Question 72

It increases in morphine and meperidine:

Answer 72

Liver and pancreatic enzymes

Question 73

Test that requires fasting:

Answer 73

FBS, GTT, TAG, Lipid Panel, Gastrin, Insulin, Aldosterone and Renin

Question 74

Tests that require anaerobic and ice slurry

Answer 74

Lactic acid, Ammonia, blood gas and ionized calcium

Question 75

Tests that should be protected from light

Answer 75

Bilirubin, carotene, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, niacin, vitamins and CK

Question 76

Test results that indicate a potentially life-threatening situation

Answer 76

Critical values

Question 77

Reasons for specimen rejection

Answer 77

Hemolysis Lipemia Clots in anticoagulated tube Non fasting specimen Wrong blood collection tube Short draws Improper transport

Question 78

It increases if the specimen is hemolyzed:

Answer 78

Potassium, ammonia, PO4, Fe, Mg2+, ALT, AST, LD, ALP, ACP, catecholamines, CK