Basic Approaches To Automation And Laboratory Apparatus Flashcards
Disadvantage of continuous flow analyzer
Parallel test (one sample per test)
Samples flow through a common reaction vessel or pathway
Continuous Flow Analyzer
It uses centrifugation to transfer specimen and reagents
Centrifugal Analyzer
It is capable of running multiple tests-one-sample-at-a-time. It has a random access system. The most popular and versatile. Used forSTAT sample
Discrete Analyzer
Advantage of centrifugal analyzer
Batch parallel (multiple samples, one gets)
Accelerate gravitational separation of substances differing in their masses
Centrifuge
Vertical at rest, horizontal in motion.
Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor
Disadvantage of Swinging bucket/horizontal rotor
Air friction (slower, poor sediment)
Angle of head rotor
25° - 40°
Faster than a swinging bucket due to less air resistance, allows more rapid sedimention
Angle/fixed
High speed. Capable of 100,000 rpm. Refrigerated to reduce heat.
Ultracentrifuge
For lipemic sample and a reference method of lipoprotein analysis.
Ultracentrifuge
What will happen if you re-spin primary tubes?
Hemolysis
What will happen if you re-spin SST?
Increased potassium
Tachometer, strobe light and timer are used to:
Calibrate
Speed test is calibrated every:
3 months/quarterly
Disinfection is done:
Weekly
It holds a particular volume but does not dispense that exact volume.
To contain
It must be rinsed out to deliver the entire content.
To contain
Example of to contain pipet
Sahli pipets
It dispenses the exact amount
To deliver
It drains by gravity and should not be blown out.
Volumetric pipettes
They deliver viscous fluids; Has etched ring or a pair of etched.
Ostwald-folin pipettes
What kind are the volumetric and ostwald-folin pipettes?
Transfer pipettes
Indicator for need to blow out
Etched ring
Pipet that can’t be blown out
Mohr pipettes
Pipet that is calibrated to the tip and can be blown out.
Serologic pipettes
What kind are serologic and Mohr pipettes?
Measuring pipette
Example of to deliver pipet
Volumetric, Ostwald-folin, Serologic and Mohr pipettes
It relies on the piston for suction. Uses disposable tips. Uses suction to aspirate & dispense sample through polypropylene tip.
Air displacement
Most common automatic pipet
Air displacement
It operates by moving the piston in the pipet tip or barrel, much like a hypodermic syringe.
Positive displacement
It lacks air cushion. It can pipette high density samples. The aspiration force remains constant.
Positive displacement
It has a specific amount of water and is pipetted into a weighed container
Gravimetric pipette calibration
Uses a dye of known concentration and water
Volumetric pipette calibration
It is a necessity for every clinical chemistry lab.
Fume hood
Only safe place to open any container of a material that gives off harmful vapors. Prepare reagents that produce fumes. Heat flammable solvent.
Fume hood
Changes in analyte concentration occur at different times during the day, week, or month
Cyclic variation
Variation according to sleeping and waking times
Diurnal variation
Occurs during a 24-hour period
Circadian variation
Occurs twice a year; related to seasonal changes in climate and diet
Circannual variation
Major concern in specimen collection
Patient identification, sample identification, and chain of custody
It increases during exercise
APR, myoglobin, Hb, Creatinine, lactate/lactic acid, CK, LD, AST and Potassium
It decreases during exercise
Glucose, TAG, Cholesterol
It increases in ambulatory patients
CK
Fist clenching increases:
Potassium, lactate and phosphate
It increases in recent food ingestion
Gastrin, bicarbonate, glucose, TAG, ionized calcium
It decreases in recent food ingestion
Chloride, phosphorus, potassium,amylase and ALP
It increases in high protein
Urea/BUN
It increases in high protein, low glucose, high TAG
Urine and serum ketones
Serotonin rich foods
Banana
Pineapple
Tomato
Avocado
Coffee
In serotonin rich food, an increase of urinary excretion of:
5 hydroxyindole acetic acid
It increases in alcohol ingestion
GGT, AST, ALT, TAG, low glucose
Decreases in diuretics
Sodium and potassium
Deamination product of amino acids
Ammonia
End product of protein metabolism/amino acid metabolism
Urea
In thiazides, what disease are found?
Hyperglycemia and pre renal azotemia
Increase when Standing
albumin, cholesterol, aldosterone, Ca2+
Elevated when the patient changed from supine to upright:
Albumin and calcium
Venous occlusion can increase:
Calcium
Minutes before blood collection to prevent hemodilution/hemoconcentration
15-20 mins
Hemoconcentration, Anaerobiosis, Increased potassium and low oxygen is caused by:
Prolonged tourniquet
Increase glucose, growth hormone, cortisol, cholesterol, TAG and Urea is caused by:
Smoking
Increase Albumin, ALP, phosphorus , cholesterol is caused by:
Old age
It increases in male:
Albumin, ALP, creatine, Ca2+, uric acid, CK, AST, PO4, BUN, Mg2+, bilirubin, cholesterol
It increases in females:
Fe, cholesterol, y-globulins, a-lipoproteins
It increases in the morning:
ACTH, cortisol, Fe, aldosterone
It increases in the evening:
ACP, growth hormone, PTH, TSH
Increases during stress:
ACTH, cortisol, catecholamines
Primary responders to stress
Catecholamines
Increases during intramuscular injection:
CK and LD
It increases in morphine and meperidine:
Liver and pancreatic enzymes
Test that requires fasting:
FBS, GTT, TAG, Lipid Panel, Gastrin, Insulin, Aldosterone and Renin
Tests that require anaerobic and ice slurry
Lactic acid, Ammonia, blood gas and ionized calcium
Tests that should be protected from light
Bilirubin, carotene, erythrocyte protoporphyrin, niacin, vitamins and CK
Test results that indicate a potentially life-threatening situation
Critical values
Reasons for specimen rejection
Hemolysis
Lipemia
Clots in anticoagulated tube
Non fasting specimen
Wrong blood collection tube
Short draws
Improper transport
It increases if the specimen is hemolyzed:
Potassium, ammonia, PO4, Fe, Mg2+, ALT, AST, LD, ALP, ACP, catecholamines, CK
