Laboratory Medicine

Question 1

anything outside of 2 ______ ________ =abnormal

Answer 1

standard deviations

Question 2

_____% of people are within 2 standard deviations of normal

Answer 2

95%

Question 3

variations in normals due to ____, _____, ____,

Answer 3

age, race, sex

Question 4

Treat the _______, not the ____

Answer 4

patient, lab

Question 5

normal WBC range

Answer 5

4.0-10 mm3

Question 6

Elevated WBC indicative of

Answer 6

bacterial infection–antibiotics/surg indicated

Question 7

Depressed WBC

Answer 7

suppression of bone marrow (HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, toxins, viral, sepsis)

Question 8

sampling blood with too-small needle

Answer 8

hemolysis of blood cells –> hyperkalimia

Question 9

WBCs differentiated according to ____–given in ____

Answer 9

subcategories of types of WBCs,

percentage

Question 10

Hematocrit Hct measures

Answer 10

proportion of RBCs – similar to Hgb

Question 11

CBC

Answer 11

Complete Blood Count

1. WBCs
2. WBC differential –%’s
3. Hemoglobin
4. Hematocrit
5. Platelet count

Question 12

normal Hematocrit

Answer 12

36-45% (3X Hgb)

Question 13

Hct calculation

Answer 13

vol of “spun down” RBCs/ total vol in tube X 100 = Hct

Question 14

Hct may be high or low due to RBC size, but normal Hgb

Answer 14

small RBCs = microcytic

large RBCs = macrocytic

Question 15

Hemoglobin normal

Answer 15

12.5-16 g/dl

Question 16

high Hgb may be due to

Answer 16

COPD, chronic hypoxia (elevation), ^ marrow production of RBCs, dehydration (blood volume)

Question 17

Hct not as good as Hgb due to need for _____ that RBCs all have _____

Answer 17

assumption,

Hgb

Question 18

Low Hgb due to (3)

Answer 18

1. not making Hgb (marrow, anemia, iron deficiency)
2. Losing Hgb (GI bleeding, hemorrhage)
3. Using Hgb up (RBC destruction by immune system)

Question 19

Platelets normal

Answer 19

150,000-400,000 mm3

Question 20

elevated platelets may result in

Answer 20

thrombosis–> stroke, MI

Question 21

^ platelets due to

Answer 21

marrow abnormalities, iron deficiency, anemia, infection

Question 22

platelets may be used up and be low by

Answer 22

Disseminated intravascular clotting DIC

Question 23

BMP

Answer 23

basic metabolic profile

Question 24

BMP constituents/ normals

Answer 24

CCCG-GPSU
CO2 18-28 mEq/1
Chloride 97-110
creatinine Cr .8-1.4 mg/dl
Glomerular Filtration rate
Glucose (fasting) 60-100 
Potassium 3.4-5 
sodium 134-146 
Uria nitrogen 8-25 mg/dl

Question 25

CMP

Answer 25

comprehensive metabolic profile

Question 26

CMP constituents/ normals

Answer 26

same as BMP + 
Calcium 8.7-10.2 mg/dl
Liver function:
   total proteins 6-8.5 g/dl
   albumin 3.5-5. 
   globulins 1.5-4.5
liver inflammation (chemicals that should be cont. in liver)
   AST 0-40
    ALT 0-55
    Bilirubin 0.0-1.2
     Alkaline phosphate 25-150
Renal function
glucose

Question 27

urinalysis measured in

Answer 27

specific gravity S.G.

Question 28

normal urinalysis

Answer 28

1035 (^ concentration) - 1001 (^ dilution)

Question 29

isotonic urine SG

Answer 29

1010

Question 30

pH range of urine normal

Answer 30

5-9

Question 31

abnormal urine constituents (7)

Answer 31

1. glucose
2. proteinuria
3. hematuria
4. WBCs/RBCs
5. many crystals
6. Casts
7. bilirubin