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Fundies Second test > Immunology > Flashcards

Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Hypersensitivity Reactions acronym

A

ACID
A:naphylactic: type I (IgE–antibody–degran. of Mast cells)
C:ytotoxic: type II
I:mmune complex: type III
D:elayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): type IV

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2
Q

types of blood cells

A
  1. leukocyte
  2. erythrocyte
  3. thrombocyte or platelet (fragments of megakaryocyte)
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3
Q

lymphoid –> lymphocytes are members of the ______ _____ _______

A

adaptive immune system

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4
Q

presence of granules in cytoplasm

A

Granulocytes (NEUTROPHILS, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells)

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5
Q

no granules in cytoplasm

A

Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)

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6
Q

stem cell—> bi -potential cell –>splits 2 ways

A

–>adaptive I.S. LYMPHOID line (B,T, NK)
–>Innate I.S.: “MYLOID line” (mac, neu, eo,mast,megak, RBC)
(we talk about problems of blood constituents in terms of cell lines i.e. lymph/myloid–cancers will have dif characteristics

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7
Q

-blast =

A

immature cell

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8
Q

diverse and potent chemical messengers produced primarly by the cells of the IMMUNE SYSTEM IS

A

cytokines (influence local area and systemic)

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9
Q

Common cytokines IITG

A
  1. interferon family (interfere)
  2. interleukin family
  3. tissue necrosis factor
  4. growth factors (GCSF, GM-CSF)
    (don’t need to know specifics)
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10
Q

T and B cells release

A

lymphokines (cytokines)

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11
Q

monocytes –>and macrophages release

A

monokines (cytokins)

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12
Q

WBCs release

A

interleukins (cytokin)

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13
Q

cytokins that attract specific cells to area–site of infection/ injury

A

chemokines

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14
Q

first line of defense of body–ex.s (3)

A

physical barriers

  1. skin
  2. mucous membranes
  3. substances on exterior inhospitable to microbes
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15
Q

second line of defense of body– ex.s (7)

BECMMNN

A

innate immune system =nonspecific–“always on”

  1. macrophages
  2. neutrophils
  3. NKCs
  4. eosinophils
  5. basophils
  6. mast cells
  7. the complement system
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16
Q

3rd lin of defense of body–(2)

A

adaptive immune system = specific IS

  1. T cells (thymus)
    a. T-helper
    b. T-killer (cytoToxic)
  2. B cells (bone–plasma cell)
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17
Q

long lived phagocytes called MONOCYTES while unmattured/circulating in blood

A

matures into MACROPHAGE after slipping btwn endothelium–called DENDRITITC CELL when associated w/ particular tissue

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18
Q

Innate and adaptive immune system both have _______ and ______ components

A
  1. cellular (myeloid + lymph/dendritic)

2. humoral (cytokines + antibodies) respectively

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19
Q

when _________ phagocytizes a cell, transports invaders ______ to its surface. Known as ____ ______ _____ after

A

macrophage, proteins,

antigen presenting cells APCs

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20
Q

MACROPHAGE is ______ when in CNS and _____ ____ when in liver

A

microglia,

Kupffer cell

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21
Q

macrophages release ______ after “battle” important for_______ _______

A

cytokines,

inflammatory response

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22
Q

these SHORT LIVED (3-5 days) aggressive PHAGOCYTES compose 70% of WBCs in blood

A

neutrophils aka polymorphonuclearcytes

Not APCs

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23
Q

^% of “BANDS” in blood smear indicates ______ ________, referred to as “______ to the _______” on smear

A

immune response,

“shift to the left” (more band forms of neutrophils = more immature neutrophil forms)

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24
Q

these lymphosites “go both ways”, part of _______ and _____ IS.

A

innate and adaptive,

Natural Killer Cells (“instruct” cells to lyse”)

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25
Q

_____ _______ require prompting from T cells while _____ ______cells do not to kill tumor cells

A

cytotoxic lymphocytes,

natural killer

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26
Q

__-__% bands when pt not infected for mature neutrophils–BANDS are neutrophils without _____, reflecting that they’re recently produced

A

1-2%,
segmentation,
-% of bands will tell stage of infection, part of CBC

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27
Q

NK cells attack cells w/out “____” _____. Some NKCs _____ factories

A

“self” markers,

cytokine

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28
Q

puss is

A

“spent” neutrophils

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29
Q

granulocyte important for combating ______. And important in ________ phenomena

A

parasites,
allergic
EOSINOPHILS (low levels in blood–tons of granules)

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30
Q

Basophils cousins too ____ ____. Mainly in ____, loaded w/ _______, leukotriens, and other allergy related chemicals.

A

Mast cells,
tissue,
histamine,

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31
Q

lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites by instructed apoptosis

A

NKCs

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32
Q

Important for ALLERGIC response (2)

A

eosinophils

basophils

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33
Q

NKCs have ____ _____ system. _____ vs. _____ ______. Important in graft vs. host disorder

A

two-key system.
kill vs. don’t kill
Based on presence or absence or MCH on target

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34
Q

neutralizes invader by dumping contents on them

A

Mast Cells

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35
Q

cells of innate immune system able to bind to antigens

A

Pattern-Recognition Receptors

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36
Q

Pattern-Recognition Receptors encoded in germline (don’t need to make contact personally) of each person–receptors evolved to detect…(3 ex.s).

A
  1. Bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccarides and peptidoglycans
  2. Bacterial DNA
  3. dsRNA
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37
Q

B cells make ____ which attach to Mast Cells–now said to be “______”

A

antibodies,

“primed”

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38
Q

System of appx 20 liver-made proteins that work together to DESTROY invaders and SIGNAL other IS components

A

the complement system–spontaneous and FAST

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39
Q

most abundant complement system protein

A

C3–complement fixation (big clump on bacteria)

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40
Q

Complement activation may result in (3)

A
  1. opsonization of invader
  2. chemo-attraction of immune cells
  3. Lyses cell/virus (membrane attack complex==> opens hole
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41
Q

Complement system may be activated by (3) pathways

A
  1. classic pathway (presence of antibody-antigen complexes)
  2. alternative pathway
  3. lectin activation pathway
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42
Q

Alternative pathway complement system activation…

A

C3 attaches to “unprotected” cells–> cascade of compliment activation–>destruction of unprotected surface
(human cells are covered w/ “protective” substances)

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43
Q

Lectin activation pathway…

lectin/manos protein on bac cell wall

A

(carbs and fats on invader–>activate manos binding lectin MBL from liver–>activation of complement)

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44
Q

slow specific response to immune insult

A

adaptive/ cell mediated immunity (agranulocytes)

45
Q

For adaptive IS: antigen must be “presented” to __ ____ for activation. Types of T cells:

A

T cell

a. Helper T cells Th
b. Killer T cells
c. regulatory T cells

46
Q

Coordinators of immune system response–___ on cell surface. _____ ____ ____ activate these cells. Release _____ to dramatically effect immune system cells

A

Helper T cells (quarter back)
CD4,
Antigen presenting cells (macrophages),
cytokines

47
Q

cytotoxic lymphocytes aka.

Have ___ receptors. 2 step activation process: Read ___ of cell, and receive input form ______ ___ cells.

A

Killer T cells,
CD8,
MCH I,
helper T cells

48
Q

some autoimmune disease may be result of malfunctioning of these poorly understood lymphocytes

A

regulatory T cells

49
Q

Cells responsible for “Humoral Immunity”

A

B Lymphocytes (antibody factories)

50
Q

HIV attacks ___ cells–clinically can check this vallue

A

CD4

51
Q

These lymphocytes don’t ALWAYS need Th input to attack. Produce ____ and during this process called ____ _____

A

B lymphocytes,
antibodies (humoral),
Plasma cells

52
Q

Basis of vaccination–lymphocyte “activated” makes clones and _____ ____. Clones die off, _______ _____ live on for future infection.

A

Memory cells

53
Q

antibodies aka–from activated B cells

A

immunoglobins-

54
Q

T cells bind to _____ ______

B cells bind to ____ (foreign organic molecule)

A

foreign protein

antigen (slide 63)

55
Q

“activated B cells produce large ____ of identical cells, most of which become ______ _____ which produce ^ quantities of specific antibodies

A

clone,
plasma cells
(some of the clones will become memory cells)

56
Q
  • antigen presenting cells present

- healthy human cells present

A

-major histocompatibility complex II (proteins from invader)
-MHC I (slid 64) (presented to Killer T cells so don’t kill them)
(presented to helper T cell)

57
Q

antibodies have ____ and _____ chains. 2 “_____” (Fab((antibody)) of LIGHT chain bind to antigens; tail (Fc) HEAVY chain region bind to other _______ _______ _____.

A

heavy and light chains,
hands,
immune system cells

58
Q

antibody functions (4)

A
  1. promote compliment fixation
  2. agglutination
  3. precipitation (force insolubility)
  4. act as opsonizer
59
Q

Most abundant Immunoglobulin in SERUM, able to enter tissue + placenta (only one). Good _______. Presence in serum indicates _____ _______.

A

IgG,
opsonizer,
past infection

60
Q

_______ T cells look for _____ cell surface proteins–normal = ______

A

cytotoxic,
abnormal,
MHC I

61
Q

First antibody/immunoglobulin produced in IS response. Large, stays in ____ _____ indicative of current ______.
Good _____ ________& _______

A

IgM, (M=many)
blood stream,
infection,
compliment fixer and opsonizer

62
Q

Antibody/immunoglobulin that guards mucosal surfaces (dig, resp, repro), thus most ______ “OUTSIDE” body. “______” pathogens so can’t attach, leading to _______ . In MILK

A

IgA, (milk!)
abundant,
“coats”–>aglutination

63
Q

IgG crosses placenta during

A

Gestation

G-G

64
Q

order of immunoglobulin appearance mnemo

A 
MADge
IgM
IgA
IgD
IgG
IgE
65
Q

Important immunoglobulin in _______ and ______. Large quantities made on first exposure to antigen. Mast cells will attach and degranulate releasing ________ ^ ______ permiability–>allergic rxn.

A

IgE,
ANAPHYLAXIS & ALLERGY,
histamines ^ capillary

66
Q

in anaphylaxis there is a massive ______ of mast cells.

A

degranulation –>bronchospasm, hypotension, and CV collapse

67
Q

MHC–function

A

major histocompatibility complex proteins – differentiate “self” from “non-self”

68
Q

white cell MHCs

A

human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system–all WBCs have same antigens

69
Q

2 classes of MHC

A
  1. Class I MHC-

2. Class II MHC–

70
Q

Class I MHC

A

-on all NUCLEATED cells–tell Killer T (CD8) what’s going on inside cell (i.e. infected w/ virus–>destroy)

71
Q

preparing antigen to eat it

A

opsonization

72
Q

Class II MHC

A

“billboard” on APC (macrophage) cell surface after phagocytosis of bac, only to be read by T helper cells Th–for purpose of directing IS

73
Q

fetus gets _____ ______ from ____ antibodies, lasts 6 months while baby’s IS developes

A

passive immunity,
IgG
(baby immune to all things mom has been exposed to)

74
Q

poorly understood immunoglobulin–may activate other cells

A

IgD

75
Q

Most abundant immunoglobulin:
Inside serum:
“Outside” body:

A 
IgG
IgA (IgA deficiency most common immune disorder)
76
Q

For graft vs. host disease (WBCs from graft attack person getting graft): anti-rejection drugs _____ ___, thus pt’s are ______________

A

dampen IS,

immunocompromised

77
Q

Autoimmune disorders, body doesn’t recognize “self”: ex.’s (7)

(ankylosing spondylitis “bamboo spine”) immunosuppresors

A
  1. molecular mimicry
  2. myasthenia gravis
  3. lupus erythematous
  4. rheumatoid arthritis
  5. transplanted organ rejection
  6. some Type I diabetes
  7. anti-thyrotropin receptors–>thyroid disorder
78
Q

______ cells may display abnormal _____ patterns, marking them out for _____ by killer T cells

A

Cancer,
MHC,
apoptosis

79
Q

only antigen presenting cells have ______ __

A

MHC II

80
Q

general term for “battle scene” between IS and infectious agents

A

inflammatory response

81
Q

hallmarks physical finding of inflammatory response (3)

A
  1. Rubor: ^ local blood flow (erythema, warmth)
  2. dolor: edema and pus from ^ vessel permeability–>immune cells moved to area
  3. calor: stimulation of nociceptive
82
Q

components of inflammatory response: (3)

A
  1. immune cell response–> histamine, BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN released
  2. Cytokine production–>tissue necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin–>act local and systemic
  3. Activation of compliment system
83
Q

autoimmune diseased often have a long term “______” type of inflammation–suggesting the classic “______ ______”

A

“indolent”,

“inflammatory response”

84
Q

immune response to synovial lining of joints

A

rheumatoid arthritis

85
Q

IgE and mast cell/basophil mediated hypersensitivity rxn w/in ___ min of exposure. S&S’s related to ______ and other agents from degranulation of ____ ____

A

Type I hypersensitivity rxn–
5-30 min,
histamine,
mast cells

86
Q

IgM or IgG mediated hypersensitivity rxn resulting from development of antibodies to cell surface antigens over min-hrs-days.

A

Type II hypersensitivity rxn–

87
Q

Type II hypersensitivity rxn S&Ss

A

may affect variety of organs and tissue:

  1. transfusion rxn
  2. drug induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  3. good pasture’s nephritis
  4. pemphigus
  5. myasthenia gravis
88
Q

*HLA B-27

Human leukocyte antigen

A

presence of particular component of associated w/ ankylosing spondylitis (bamboo spine)

89
Q

Disease of hypersensitivity caused by production of circulating “immune complexes” of ______ and ______. This complex precipitates out of solution and deposits in tissue. Inflammation cause by activation of _______ system.

A

Type III hypersensitivity rxn–(read pg 15)
antigens and antibodies,
compliment

90
Q

type III hypersensitivity rxn of neutrophils, macrophages, cytokines, and PLATELET AGGREGATION of INDIVIDUAL ORGANS. ex.’s
DX w/ tissue bx, serum C3 & C5 levels

A
  1. systemic lupus erythematosus- (skin, kidney
  2. polyarteritis
  3. rheumatoid arthritis
  4. SERUM SICKNESS (fever, arthralgia, rashes)
91
Q

“Cell mediated” hypersensitivity rxn–T-CELL mediated. Ex.’s

A

Type IV hypersensitivity rxn.

  1. tuberculin test/ tuberculosis
  2. poison oak/ivy
  3. auto immune diseases
  4. egg cell in liver
92
Q

abnormalities in development or function of T, B, and or granulocytes; congenital, spontaneous, or iatrogenic.

A

PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY

93
Q

types of primary immunodeficiency (3)

A
  1. selective IgA deficiency (compensation by ^ in IgG & IgM)
  2. Severe Combined Immunodeciency (SCID) die in infancy
  3. X-linked agammagloculinemia (XLA) maternally derived immunoglobulin disappears
94
Q

Immunodeficiencies NOT caused by abnormalities in development or function of T and B cells. Ex.’s

A

Secondary Immunodeficiency:

  1. AIDS–T-cell fine but low levels
  2. immunodeficiency from malnutrition, X-ray, Drugs
  3. no or less active cytokines i.e. (granulocyte-colony stim)
95
Q

T, B cells, antigen presenting cells, and antigens travel through

A

lymph vessels/nodes

96
Q

spleen acts to _____ the blood

A

filter

97
Q

the innate system is responsible for _______ danger and _____ of the adaptive IS. It is much less ______ than the adaptive.

A

sensing,
activation,
“focused”

98
Q

“players” are always in place for the _______ __, if they’re overwhelmed, the ________ ___ comes into play; it’s able to handle huge quantities of almost any invader although it take more time to make “____ weapons”

A

Innate IS,
Adaptive IS,
custom

99
Q

Rubor
Dolor
Calor

A

warm
red
pain

100
Q

tripsin dissolves

A

protein–in gut and neutrophils

101
Q

hypersensitivity essentially _____ immune response

A

exaggerated

102
Q

prednisone dampens

A

T-cells–type IV hypersensitivity response

103
Q

Complement system activation
classic pathway:
alternative pathway:
Lectin activation pathway:

A
  1. antibody-antigen complex activates
  2. C3 attachment to “unprotected” cell activates
  3. liver derived mannose binding lectin attachment to fat or carb on pathogen activates
104
Q

“shift to the left” think

A

neutrophils–phacocytes–non APC–attracted to cytokines

105
Q

MHC II molecules only presented for

A

T helper cells

106
Q

transplant btwn same species

A

allograft vs. autograft (self)

107
Q

second key for adaptive immune system

A

APC (B7)

Th (CD28)

108
Q

selective IgA deficiency think

A

PRIMARY immunodeficiency–young guy chronic sinusitis

Fundies Second test (8 decks)

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