Immunology Flashcards
Hypersensitivity Reactions acronym
ACID
A:naphylactic: type I (IgE–antibody–degran. of Mast cells)
C:ytotoxic: type II
I:mmune complex: type III
D:elayed hypersensitivity (cell mediated): type IV
types of blood cells
- leukocyte
- erythrocyte
- thrombocyte or platelet (fragments of megakaryocyte)
lymphoid –> lymphocytes are members of the ______ _____ _______
adaptive immune system
presence of granules in cytoplasm
Granulocytes (NEUTROPHILS, eosinophils, basophils/mast cells)
no granules in cytoplasm
Agranulocytes (lymphocytes and monocytes)
stem cell—> bi -potential cell –>splits 2 ways
–>adaptive I.S. LYMPHOID line (B,T, NK)
–>Innate I.S.: “MYLOID line” (mac, neu, eo,mast,megak, RBC)
(we talk about problems of blood constituents in terms of cell lines i.e. lymph/myloid–cancers will have dif characteristics
-blast =
immature cell
diverse and potent chemical messengers produced primarly by the cells of the IMMUNE SYSTEM IS
cytokines (influence local area and systemic)
Common cytokines IITG
- interferon family (interfere)
- interleukin family
- tissue necrosis factor
- growth factors (GCSF, GM-CSF)
(don’t need to know specifics)
T and B cells release
lymphokines (cytokines)
monocytes –>and macrophages release
monokines (cytokins)
WBCs release
interleukins (cytokin)
cytokins that attract specific cells to area–site of infection/ injury
chemokines
first line of defense of body–ex.s (3)
physical barriers
- skin
- mucous membranes
- substances on exterior inhospitable to microbes
second line of defense of body– ex.s (7)
BECMMNN
innate immune system =nonspecific–“always on”
- macrophages
- neutrophils
- NKCs
- eosinophils
- basophils
- mast cells
- the complement system
3rd lin of defense of body–(2)
adaptive immune system = specific IS
- T cells (thymus)
a. T-helper
b. T-killer (cytoToxic) - B cells (bone–plasma cell)
long lived phagocytes called MONOCYTES while unmattured/circulating in blood
matures into MACROPHAGE after slipping btwn endothelium–called DENDRITITC CELL when associated w/ particular tissue
Innate and adaptive immune system both have _______ and ______ components
- cellular (myeloid + lymph/dendritic)
2. humoral (cytokines + antibodies) respectively
when _________ phagocytizes a cell, transports invaders ______ to its surface. Known as ____ ______ _____ after
macrophage, proteins,
antigen presenting cells APCs
MACROPHAGE is ______ when in CNS and _____ ____ when in liver
microglia,
Kupffer cell
macrophages release ______ after “battle” important for_______ _______
cytokines,
inflammatory response
these SHORT LIVED (3-5 days) aggressive PHAGOCYTES compose 70% of WBCs in blood
neutrophils aka polymorphonuclearcytes
Not APCs
^% of “BANDS” in blood smear indicates ______ ________, referred to as “______ to the _______” on smear
immune response,
“shift to the left” (more band forms of neutrophils = more immature neutrophil forms)
these lymphosites “go both ways”, part of _______ and _____ IS.
innate and adaptive,
Natural Killer Cells (“instruct” cells to lyse”)
_____ _______ require prompting from T cells while _____ ______cells do not to kill tumor cells
cytotoxic lymphocytes,
natural killer
__-__% bands when pt not infected for mature neutrophils–BANDS are neutrophils without _____, reflecting that they’re recently produced
1-2%,
segmentation,
-% of bands will tell stage of infection, part of CBC
NK cells attack cells w/out “____” _____. Some NKCs _____ factories
“self” markers,
cytokine
puss is
“spent” neutrophils
granulocyte important for combating ______. And important in ________ phenomena
parasites,
allergic
EOSINOPHILS (low levels in blood–tons of granules)
Basophils cousins too ____ ____. Mainly in ____, loaded w/ _______, leukotriens, and other allergy related chemicals.
Mast cells,
tissue,
histamine,
lymphocytes that can kill tumor cells, virus infected cells, bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasites by instructed apoptosis
NKCs
Important for ALLERGIC response (2)
eosinophils
basophils
NKCs have ____ _____ system. _____ vs. _____ ______. Important in graft vs. host disorder
two-key system.
kill vs. don’t kill
Based on presence or absence or MCH on target
neutralizes invader by dumping contents on them
Mast Cells
cells of innate immune system able to bind to antigens
Pattern-Recognition Receptors
Pattern-Recognition Receptors encoded in germline (don’t need to make contact personally) of each person–receptors evolved to detect…(3 ex.s).
- Bacterial cell wall lipopolysaccarides and peptidoglycans
- Bacterial DNA
- dsRNA
B cells make ____ which attach to Mast Cells–now said to be “______”
antibodies,
“primed”
System of appx 20 liver-made proteins that work together to DESTROY invaders and SIGNAL other IS components
the complement system–spontaneous and FAST
most abundant complement system protein
C3–complement fixation (big clump on bacteria)
Complement activation may result in (3)
- opsonization of invader
- chemo-attraction of immune cells
- Lyses cell/virus (membrane attack complex==> opens hole
Complement system may be activated by (3) pathways
- classic pathway (presence of antibody-antigen complexes)
- alternative pathway
- lectin activation pathway
Alternative pathway complement system activation…
C3 attaches to “unprotected” cells–> cascade of compliment activation–>destruction of unprotected surface
(human cells are covered w/ “protective” substances)
Lectin activation pathway…
lectin/manos protein on bac cell wall
(carbs and fats on invader–>activate manos binding lectin MBL from liver–>activation of complement)
slow specific response to immune insult
adaptive/ cell mediated immunity (agranulocytes)
For adaptive IS: antigen must be “presented” to __ ____ for activation. Types of T cells:
T cell
a. Helper T cells Th
b. Killer T cells
c. regulatory T cells
Coordinators of immune system response–___ on cell surface. _____ ____ ____ activate these cells. Release _____ to dramatically effect immune system cells
Helper T cells (quarter back)
CD4,
Antigen presenting cells (macrophages),
cytokines
cytotoxic lymphocytes aka.
Have ___ receptors. 2 step activation process: Read ___ of cell, and receive input form ______ ___ cells.
Killer T cells,
CD8,
MCH I,
helper T cells
some autoimmune disease may be result of malfunctioning of these poorly understood lymphocytes
regulatory T cells
Cells responsible for “Humoral Immunity”
B Lymphocytes (antibody factories)
HIV attacks ___ cells–clinically can check this vallue
CD4
These lymphocytes don’t ALWAYS need Th input to attack. Produce ____ and during this process called ____ _____
B lymphocytes,
antibodies (humoral),
Plasma cells
Basis of vaccination–lymphocyte “activated” makes clones and _____ ____. Clones die off, _______ _____ live on for future infection.
Memory cells
antibodies aka–from activated B cells
immunoglobins-
T cells bind to _____ ______
B cells bind to ____ (foreign organic molecule)
foreign protein
antigen (slide 63)
“activated B cells produce large ____ of identical cells, most of which become ______ _____ which produce ^ quantities of specific antibodies
clone,
plasma cells
(some of the clones will become memory cells)
- antigen presenting cells present
- healthy human cells present
-major histocompatibility complex II (proteins from invader)
-MHC I (slid 64) (presented to Killer T cells so don’t kill them)
(presented to helper T cell)
antibodies have ____ and _____ chains. 2 “_____” (Fab((antibody)) of LIGHT chain bind to antigens; tail (Fc) HEAVY chain region bind to other _______ _______ _____.
heavy and light chains,
hands,
immune system cells
antibody functions (4)
- promote compliment fixation
- agglutination
- precipitation (force insolubility)
- act as opsonizer
Most abundant Immunoglobulin in SERUM, able to enter tissue + placenta (only one). Good _______. Presence in serum indicates _____ _______.
IgG,
opsonizer,
past infection
_______ T cells look for _____ cell surface proteins–normal = ______
cytotoxic,
abnormal,
MHC I
First antibody/immunoglobulin produced in IS response. Large, stays in ____ _____ indicative of current ______.
Good _____ ________& _______
IgM, (M=many)
blood stream,
infection,
compliment fixer and opsonizer
Antibody/immunoglobulin that guards mucosal surfaces (dig, resp, repro), thus most ______ “OUTSIDE” body. “______” pathogens so can’t attach, leading to _______ . In MILK
IgA, (milk!)
abundant,
“coats”–>aglutination
IgG crosses placenta during
Gestation
G-G
order of immunoglobulin appearance mnemo
MADge IgM IgA IgD IgG IgE
Important immunoglobulin in _______ and ______. Large quantities made on first exposure to antigen. Mast cells will attach and degranulate releasing ________ ^ ______ permiability–>allergic rxn.
IgE,
ANAPHYLAXIS & ALLERGY,
histamines ^ capillary
in anaphylaxis there is a massive ______ of mast cells.
degranulation –>bronchospasm, hypotension, and CV collapse
MHC–function
major histocompatibility complex proteins – differentiate “self” from “non-self”
white cell MHCs
human leukocyte antigen (HLA) system–all WBCs have same antigens
2 classes of MHC
- Class I MHC-
2. Class II MHC–
Class I MHC
-on all NUCLEATED cells–tell Killer T (CD8) what’s going on inside cell (i.e. infected w/ virus–>destroy)
preparing antigen to eat it
opsonization
Class II MHC
“billboard” on APC (macrophage) cell surface after phagocytosis of bac, only to be read by T helper cells Th–for purpose of directing IS
fetus gets _____ ______ from ____ antibodies, lasts 6 months while baby’s IS developes
passive immunity,
IgG
(baby immune to all things mom has been exposed to)
poorly understood immunoglobulin–may activate other cells
IgD
Most abundant immunoglobulin:
Inside serum:
“Outside” body:
IgG IgA (IgA deficiency most common immune disorder)
For graft vs. host disease (WBCs from graft attack person getting graft): anti-rejection drugs _____ ___, thus pt’s are ______________
dampen IS,
immunocompromised
Autoimmune disorders, body doesn’t recognize “self”: ex.’s (7)
(ankylosing spondylitis “bamboo spine”) immunosuppresors
- molecular mimicry
- myasthenia gravis
- lupus erythematous
- rheumatoid arthritis
- transplanted organ rejection
- some Type I diabetes
- anti-thyrotropin receptors–>thyroid disorder
______ cells may display abnormal _____ patterns, marking them out for _____ by killer T cells
Cancer,
MHC,
apoptosis
only antigen presenting cells have ______ __
MHC II
general term for “battle scene” between IS and infectious agents
inflammatory response
hallmarks physical finding of inflammatory response (3)
- Rubor: ^ local blood flow (erythema, warmth)
- dolor: edema and pus from ^ vessel permeability–>immune cells moved to area
- calor: stimulation of nociceptive
components of inflammatory response: (3)
- immune cell response–> histamine, BRADYKININ, SEROTONIN released
- Cytokine production–>tissue necrosis factor, interferon gamma, interleukin–>act local and systemic
- Activation of compliment system
autoimmune diseased often have a long term “______” type of inflammation–suggesting the classic “______ ______”
“indolent”,
“inflammatory response”
immune response to synovial lining of joints
rheumatoid arthritis
IgE and mast cell/basophil mediated hypersensitivity rxn w/in ___ min of exposure. S&S’s related to ______ and other agents from degranulation of ____ ____
Type I hypersensitivity rxn–
5-30 min,
histamine,
mast cells
IgM or IgG mediated hypersensitivity rxn resulting from development of antibodies to cell surface antigens over min-hrs-days.
Type II hypersensitivity rxn–
Type II hypersensitivity rxn S&Ss
may affect variety of organs and tissue:
- transfusion rxn
- drug induced autoimmune hemolytic anemia
- good pasture’s nephritis
- pemphigus
- myasthenia gravis
*HLA B-27
Human leukocyte antigen
presence of particular component of associated w/ ankylosing spondylitis (bamboo spine)
Disease of hypersensitivity caused by production of circulating “immune complexes” of ______ and ______. This complex precipitates out of solution and deposits in tissue. Inflammation cause by activation of _______ system.
Type III hypersensitivity rxn–(read pg 15)
antigens and antibodies,
compliment
type III hypersensitivity rxn of neutrophils, macrophages, cytokines, and PLATELET AGGREGATION of INDIVIDUAL ORGANS. ex.’s
DX w/ tissue bx, serum C3 & C5 levels
- systemic lupus erythematosus- (skin, kidney
- polyarteritis
- rheumatoid arthritis
- SERUM SICKNESS (fever, arthralgia, rashes)
“Cell mediated” hypersensitivity rxn–T-CELL mediated. Ex.’s
Type IV hypersensitivity rxn.
- tuberculin test/ tuberculosis
- poison oak/ivy
- auto immune diseases
- egg cell in liver
abnormalities in development or function of T, B, and or granulocytes; congenital, spontaneous, or iatrogenic.
PRIMARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY
types of primary immunodeficiency (3)
- selective IgA deficiency (compensation by ^ in IgG & IgM)
- Severe Combined Immunodeciency (SCID) die in infancy
- X-linked agammagloculinemia (XLA) maternally derived immunoglobulin disappears
Immunodeficiencies NOT caused by abnormalities in development or function of T and B cells. Ex.’s
Secondary Immunodeficiency:
- AIDS–T-cell fine but low levels
- immunodeficiency from malnutrition, X-ray, Drugs
- no or less active cytokines i.e. (granulocyte-colony stim)
T, B cells, antigen presenting cells, and antigens travel through
lymph vessels/nodes
spleen acts to _____ the blood
filter
the innate system is responsible for _______ danger and _____ of the adaptive IS. It is much less ______ than the adaptive.
sensing,
activation,
“focused”
“players” are always in place for the _______ __, if they’re overwhelmed, the ________ ___ comes into play; it’s able to handle huge quantities of almost any invader although it take more time to make “____ weapons”
Innate IS,
Adaptive IS,
custom
Rubor
Dolor
Calor
warm
red
pain
tripsin dissolves
protein–in gut and neutrophils
hypersensitivity essentially _____ immune response
exaggerated
prednisone dampens
T-cells–type IV hypersensitivity response
Complement system activation
classic pathway:
alternative pathway:
Lectin activation pathway:
- antibody-antigen complex activates
- C3 attachment to “unprotected” cell activates
- liver derived mannose binding lectin attachment to fat or carb on pathogen activates
“shift to the left” think
neutrophils–phacocytes–non APC–attracted to cytokines
MHC II molecules only presented for
T helper cells
transplant btwn same species
allograft vs. autograft (self)
second key for adaptive immune system
APC (B7)
Th (CD28)
selective IgA deficiency think
PRIMARY immunodeficiency–young guy chronic sinusitis
