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Boards: Species > Laboratory Animals > Flashcards

Laboratory Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Three Regulatory Bodies Associated with Welfare of Lab Animals

A
  1. USDA Animal Welfare Act
  2. Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare
  3. Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals
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2
Q

USDA Animal Welfare Act

A

o All warm-blooded species except laboratory bred mice, rats, birds
o Animal Welfare Regulations (AWRs) dictate housing requirements, care during transport, enrichment requirements

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3
Q

Office of Laboratory Animal Welfare

A

NIH funded research facilitates –> all animals involved in research, teaching

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4
Q

Guide for Care and Use of Labratory Animal

A

o Minimum welfare standard for laboratory animals for husbandry, housing, etc
o Reference document for all other regulations

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5
Q

Three Rs

A

o Reduction
o Replacement
o Refinement

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6
Q

Pathogens-Free Species

A

free of pathogens, environmental pathogens
o Biological safety cabinets, sterilized equipment
o GLOVES ALWAYS

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7
Q

Challenges Assoc with Small Patient Size

A

Difficult IV access: intraperitoneal (IP), IM, SC
 IP: high failure rate – inadvertent drug delivery into fat, SQ, gut tissue
 Need insulin/TB syringes, 25-30g

High metabolic rate – rapid drug metabolism

Prone to hypothermia

High surface area to body weight ratio –> increase heat loss
o Ventilation: need appropriately sized circuit, equipment

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8
Q

Rodents - General Features

A

Obligate nasal breathers

Nocturnally active – almost all feeding/drinking occurs during dark phase
 Post sx pain, stress during light phase can suppress activity
 Short fasting periods: hypoglycemia, dehydration

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9
Q

Rodents - central/head features

A

o Protruding eyeballs: lubricant (ointment less useful)

o Lack complete circle of Willis (anastomosis of arteries at base of brain): susceptible to cerebral ischemia upon ligation of common carotid

o Idiopathic epilepsy, hereditary diabetes reported

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10
Q

Rodents - Resp Changes

A

High chest wall compliance

Low residual capacity

Robust Bohr effect: small changes in pH have stronger effect on hemoglobin ‘s affinity for oxygen

Single left lobe, right separated into four or five lobes

Rats, hamster: cardiac striated muscle extends along pulmonary vessel walls, into lung tissue making them susceptible of spread of infection between agents

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11
Q

Blood Volume in Rodents

A

60-80mL/kg (6-8% BW)
 Blood collection = 10% BW
 Transfusion trigger: PCV <20%

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12
Q

Laboratory Mice

A

Large incisors with broad tongue  difficult intubation

Fast, agile, do not acclimate well to handling – hand restraint requires knowledge, practice
 Commercial restrainers, transfer boxes/containers

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13
Q

Laboratory Mice Drug Access

A

o IV access: lateral tail veins, submandibular venous plexus (blood draw only), orbital sinus
o SQ: flank, scruff

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14
Q

Rat Features

A

No gall bladder

Heart blood supply largely extra coronary from branches of mammary, subclavian arteries

Large incisors with broad tongue  difficult intubation

Acclimate well to handling, intelligent
 Hand restraint requires knowledge, practice
 Commercial restrainers, transfer boxes/containers
 “Tickling” acclimation

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15
Q

Rats IV Access

A

IV access: lateral tail veins, saphenous vein, jugular vein

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16
Q

Hamsters

A

o Cheek pouches with orifices near the angle of mouth: source of aspirated food material if not addressed prior to anesthesia
o Don’t usually vomit
o Hibernating: become mildly acidotic
o Anesthetic mortality = 3.7%

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17
Q

Drug Access Hamsters

A

o IV: jugular, cephalic, saphenous (medial or lateral)
o IO: tibial crest, intertrochanteric fossa of femur, ileal crest, proximal humerus

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18
Q

Induction in Rodents

A

Rapid induction, easy titration of ax
 Can be challenge to maintain sterility, control ax if one person doing everything

Mask induction: technically easy to perform, not routinely intubated

Increased exposure to personnel

Decreases variations btw subjects –> minimize # of animals used in a study
o Rapid recovery vs injectables

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19
Q

Orden et al 2021 (VAA)

A

MACsevo in rats unchanged by CBD alone, MAC reduction by morph not enhanced by CBD (CBD + opioids = synergistic effect)

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20
Q

Propofol Use in Rodents

A

o Propofol if IV (rats)
 IP admin: inconsistent depth, not recommended

Requires IVC Placement

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21
Q

Telazol in Rodents

A

High Mortality Rate

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22
Q

Tribomethanol (mice) (TBE)

A

 Common in-vitro oocyte implantations
 Peritonitis, high mortality of incorrectly stored or prepared
 When successful, 15-20’ ax

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23
Q

Urethane

A

Ethyl carbamate, long-lasting, stable sx ax (6-10hr)

Few CV, resp AEs

Non-recovery procedures: CNS studies
* Depressed spinal reflexes, EEG comparable to sleep patterns, ANS reflexes preserved

Water soluble, metabolized by liver into ethanol+carbamic acid, renal excretion

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24
Q

Urethane MOA

A
  • GABAA 23%
  • a1 glycine R agonist 33%
  • NMDA R antag 10%
  • AMPA R antag 18%
  • +/- AChR?
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25
Q

Adverse Effects of Urethane

A

IP: endocrine, metabolic effects = peritonitis, necrosis of abdo contents, massive leakage of plasma in pleural cavity

Carcinogen: PPE, proper disposal

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26
Q

alpha-chloralose

A

 Numerous dose-dependent excitatory, inhibitory CNS effects
 Long-lasting light ax with minimal CV effects
 Prolonged induction, recovery – insufficient depth for sx

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27
Q

Analgesics in Rodents

A

Buprenorphine most commonly used: 35% of rodents that receive analgesia

Consider SR formulas – up to 72hr in mice, rats
* 40% rats skin irritation

Poor PO avail 5-10%, significant first pass hepatic metabolism –> PO DOA 1-2hr
 SE: pica behavior

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28
Q

SE Opioids in Rodents

A

o Immunosuppression with very high doses of opioids for prolonged periods, potential effects on tumor growth

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29
Q

Ventilation in Rodents

A

rodents normally maintain themselves at 1:1IE
 1:2, 1:3 to minimize effects of PPV (prolong expiratory time) on CV system

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30
Q

Depth in Rodents

A

o Depth: pedal withdrawal, auricular reflexes
o Minor changes in heart rate, respiratory rate equal indicators of changes in depth

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31
Q

CV Monitoring in Rodents

A

Pulse oximetry: pulsatile flow of RBCs past probe required
 HR > 400bpm may cause difficulty in acquiring reading

ETCO2: requires intubation, limitations with both mainstream and side stream

BP:
Constraints with BP cuffs DT small patient size
High heart rate can decrease accuracy of oscillometric readings
Difficult to find artery for catheterization

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32
Q

Positioning of Rodents

A

little horses – weight of organs on diaphragm limits appropriate depth of breath
 Ensure straight head slash neck for better air flow in non intubated patients

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33
Q

Pain Assessment in Rodents

A

Grimace scores validated for mice, rodents

Pain assessment: hunched posture, bruxism, grimace, tachycardia

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34
Q

Recovery of Rodents

A

–Ensure warming, avoid excessive fluid admin to minimize hypothermia = recover, eat quickly
–Home cage: no particulate bedding to avoid airway obstruction
–Often housed in corn cob bedding, replace with paper towel
–Keep separate from others while recovering: will attack, esp males

Clean off all detergents, chemicals from skin
–Grooming: may consume toxic small quantities from fur

Gel based hydration, electrolyte packs in cage

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35
Q

Common Peri-Anesthetic Complications with Rodents

A

o Hypothermia
o Insufficient depth of ax, movement – esp with mask maintenance if move nose from cone
o Excessive depth
o Labored respirations +/- resp arrest
o Inadvertent inj into spleen, GIT via IP
 Delayed onset, slow recovery
o Difficulty monitoring: specialized equipment, patient visualization

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36
Q

Features of the Mouse Grimace Scale

A

Orbital tightening: closing of eye = pain

Nose bulge: bulging on nose bridge, squinting of face = pain

Check bulge: see nose bulge

Ear Position: rotate outward, backwards away from face - space btw ears increased

Whiskers: pulled back or stand on end, lose downward curve - pointed up

37
Q

Features of the Rat Grimace Scale

A

Share same features of mouse grimace scale EXCEPT have flattening of nose, cheeks not bulging with pain

38
Q

Gent et al 2019 (VAA)

A

Xe less aversive than CO2 when using 30% chamber vol/min fill rate, could improve welfare of mice
 Did not show jumping, freezing behaviors, decreased locomotion
 EEG: sedative effects from Xe, heightened arousal from CO2

39
Q

Rabbit Mortality Rate under GA

A

1.39-4.8%, ill rabbits >7%
o Prey species, adept at hiding illness

40
Q

Drug Access in Rabbits

A

IV access: marginal auricular, saphenous, cephalic

Auricular: risk necrosis

IO: trochanteric fossa of femur, greater tubercle of prox humerus, wing of ilium, tibial tuberosity

41
Q

Chung et al 2022 (VAA)

A

ears that had EMLA cream applied for >60’ before catheter attempt = 10x more odds of successful catheter placement, EMLA or lido cream 10’ prior = 3x

42
Q

Rabbits and Fasting

A

Fasting not required/recommended – inability to vomit, impt for normal GI motility
 Alterations to gut flora, ileus, enterotoxemia
 Functional ileus = fatal

43
Q

Rabbits and Neophobia

A

(reluctant to eat, try new foods): offer palatable high energy, high water content supplements

44
Q

Rabbits and Corprohagia

A

(eat stool): avoid inadvertent prevention by Elizabethan collar

45
Q

Anticholinergics in Rabbits

A

Atropinease: present in 1/3-1/2 rabbits, faster metabolism of atropine
o Glyco recommended

46
Q

Which opioid has been shown to have no effect on GI motility in rabbits?

A

Buprenorphine

47
Q

Reabel et al 2022 (VAA

A

Blind vs endoscopic techniques

both techniques assoc with laryngeal damage, blind orotracheal intubation assoc with higher number of attempts, endoscopic groups required more dexmed/alfax

48
Q

Anatomical Challenges with Rabbit Intubation n

A

 Long, narrow oral cavity with fleshy tongues
 Long incisors
 Difficult visualization
 Very sensitive to laryngeal stimulation – vasovagal reflex
 Obligate nasal breathers
 Epiglottis entrapped on dorsal surface of soft palate
(beneficial with nasotracheal intubation)

49
Q

other techniques to intubate rabbits

A

Supraglottic airway device (VGEL), mask, nasotracheal intubation

50
Q

Inhalants in Rabbits

A

More sensitive to vasodilatory effects of inhalant anesthetics than other species: hypotension occurs at levels of 1 MAC

Dopamine, phenylephrine tend to be ineffective – NE

Fentanyl, lidocaine, ketamine CRIs

51
Q

Blood Pressure Measurement in Rabbits

A

Oscillometric moderately accurate FL normal-low pressures, less sensitive at detecting hypotension

52
Q

Desprez et al 2022 (VAA)

A

vs cd aortic ABP in sevo ax rabbits, cuff with 41% ratio (2cm) on thoracic limb = best estimation of MAP vs cuff with 50% ratio (2.5cm), measurements on hind limb

53
Q

Assessment of Depth in Rabbits

A

sx palpebral absent, corneal reflex present, deep/reg resp pattern, toe pinch absent (reliability: HL > FL)

54
Q

Blood Glucose in Rabbits

A

prognostic indicator: stressed rabbits increased BG vs non stressed

High BG at presentation with obstructive ileus vs non

55
Q

Edis et al 2022 (VAA)

A

rabbits undergoing OVH in theatre temp of 28C = significantly higher temp vs 23C, did not affect return to feeding/defecating

56
Q

Location for IBP in Rabbits

A

central auricular artery

57
Q

Features of the Rabbit Grimace Scale

A

Orbital Tightening
Cheek Flattening
Nostril Shape
Whisker Shape, Position
Ear Shape, Positionin

58
Q

Features of the Bristol Rabbit Pain Scale

A
  1. Demeanor - looking around vs non responsive
  2. Locomotion - active vs not
  3. Posture - comfortable vs tense, stiff, hunched
  4. Ears - freely move toward sound vs no moment
  5. Eyes - open vs closed/tight
  6. Grooming - grooms vs no
59
Q

Guinea Pigs and Chinchillas: Mortality Rate

A

3.8% for GPs, 3.3% for chinchillas

60
Q

Respiratory Features of GPs, ChC

A

 Lung fields: small due to combination of comparatively large hearts, profuse GI volume
 High chest wall compliance
 Low FRC
 More alveoli with thinner diameters to maximize oxygen exchange

61
Q

Vomiting in GPs, ChCs

A

Don’t usually vomit: lack coordinated brainstem response to complete emetic episode

Also reduced muscularity of diaphragm, long abdominal esophagus length, small abdominal esophageal circumference, medial position of esophagus in stomach

62
Q

GP, ChC: fasting

A

Fasting not required/recommended – inability to vomit, impt for normal GI motility
 Alterations to gut flora, ileus, enterotoxemia
 Normally retain food in oropharynx

Can consider fasting zero to 8 hours for food, zero to two hours for water due to reduction of food material in oropharynx, reduce incidence of passive regurgitation, potentially reduced GI volume (probably negated by cecum)

Neophobic, coprophagic

63
Q

Premedication in GP, ChC

A

o Prior to PMs: rinse oral cavity, clear mouth of food material using cotton tip applicators 30 to 60 minutes prior to anesthesia

64
Q

Anatomic Challenges of GP, ChC Intubation

A

 Long, narrow oral cavity
 Difficult to visualize
Palatal ostium – central opening btw caudal tongue, soft palate (2-3mm)
 Deviation of tube = damage to velopharyngeal folds

65
Q

How to Intubate GP, ChC

A

Endoscopic assisted – rigid endoscope, otoscope, vaginal speculum

Guidewire advanced into airway

Airway mucosa = fragile
 Potential for blood to obscure view, aspiration of blood, laryngeal trauma, tracheal tears, airway obstruction DT swelling

66
Q

Alvarez et al 2022 (JAVMA)

A

SQ alfax 5mg/kg – reliable sedation for non-painful procedures in GPs, midaz 0.5mg/kg + alfax 5mgkg = longer, deeper sedation, more significant in adults

67
Q

Mask Induction for GPs, ChCs

A

particularly irritating to GPs if used for mask induction
o Iso: ocular, nasal discharge > sevo: less lacrimation
o Least irritating = halothane

68
Q

Monitoring for GPs, ChCs

A

Same as Rodents

69
Q

NHP

A

New World (NW NHP) – trees – marmosets, tamarains, capuchins, tropical monkeys (owl, spider, howler, squirrel)

Old World (OW NHP) – scary – Baboons, macaques, Great Apes

70
Q

Safety Considerations with NHPs

A

Sensitive nature for using NHPs
o Very intelligent, always thinking

Escape risks

Prehensile hands, fingers – may remove/reflect darts, pole syringes

Strength: ability to pull, scratch, bite
o Sharp teeth, long powerful limbs, +/- prehensile tail
o Handling to conscious NHP avoided DT stress to animal, risk of physical injuries to operator, risk of traumatic injury to patient

71
Q

Disease Transmission Assoc with NHP

A

Cercopithecine Herpesvirus B endemic in macaques – fatal to humans, PPE

Tuberculosis – humans –> NHP, NHP–> humans

Measles – humans –> NHP

Other herpesviruses = reverse zoonotic danger to great apes, btw species

72
Q

fasting guidelines in NHP

A

Monogastric: Fasting 6-8hr, 2-4hr in marmosets/tamarins
 Allow access to water, electrolyte solution (Gatorade, clear Ensure)
 Smaller sap-eating species prone to hypoglycemia

73
Q

Other Considerations of NHP

A

Social animals: group housing
 Segregate but should remain in sight/presence of conspecifics

Will usually be suspicious, know something up

PE, minimum database often performed under sedation, IV access via superficial veins
 Gorillas: middle tibial vein (??)
 NW NHP: caudal tail vein

74
Q

Ketamine in NHP

A

Assoc with long-term cognitive impairment in NHPs if admin during sensitive period for brain development eg in utero, during first week of life

Tolerance: 3 consecutive days = increased time to recumbency by 35%

75
Q

Airway Management with NHPs

A

Fasted: can regurgitate, vomit  intubation recommended

Visualization = challenging
* Wide range of vocalization DT caudal descent of larynx (s resonance capacity), large part of tongue to be in hypopharynx – restricts visualization

Rich vascularization of larynx – prone to injury

76
Q

Other Features that Make Intubation Difficult with NHPs

A

Positioning: consider dorsal recumbency on tilt table to maximize alignment of PO cavity with pharynx

Diameter of larynx, trachea smaller than species of equal weight

Copious secretions = thicker with anticholinergic administration

Damage to vocal chords VERY significant in these species!

77
Q

Depth of ETT in NHPs

A

Proximal bifurcation of trachea, avoid passing tube past point of scapula (macaque)
 Marmosets: length of trachea predicted = 0.42(craniosacrolength)

78
Q

Analgesia in NHP

A

o LJ: no current scale that definitely assess pain in NHP
o Tend to hide behavioral signs of mild or moderate pain from unfamiliar observers, best monitored by familiar handler or remotely
o All commonly available analgesics can be used, long acting formulations preferred
 Meloxicam – particularly palatable

79
Q

Ferrets

A

Anesthetic mortality = 0.33%

Opioids: emetic effect, consider maropitant or ondansetron
 Presumed to be MAC-sparing in ferrets

Best indicator of depth = jaw or masseter muscle tone

Prone to both hyper and hypothermia

BG monitoring: insulinomas common

80
Q

Hedgehogs

A

 Mantle (keratinaceous spines), roll into ball – difficult to examine
 Narrow oral pharyngeal cavity
 Caudally located pharynx
 Prominent tongue base and large tonsils
 Epiglottis = broad with a prominent apex, normally dorsal to soft palate and must be displaced to visualize the glottis

81
Q

Which pocket pets are obligate nasal breathers?

A

Rodents
Rabbits
GPs, ChCs

NOT ferrets, SGs, HHs,

82
Q

IV Access in HH, SG

A

 HH: cephalic, saphenous veins
 SG: virtually impossible

83
Q

Premedication/Sedation in HH

A

HH: midaz + torb, +ket to deepen/lengthen
 IN midaz effective
 Alfaxalone also effective SC, IM
 Telazol: no real effect of flumazenil

84
Q

Premedication/Sedation in SGs

A

midaz can go IN, Telazol controversial – neurologic signs, death

85
Q

Induction with SGs, Has

A

Chamber induction most common, monitor posture changes

SG: recumbent
* May vomit

HH: no longer assume defensive posture
* Rarely vomit

86
Q

Intubation for HH, SGs

A

o Intubation is challenging
o Consider endoscopy using rigid tube or smaller, semi rigid fiber optic endoscopes and the use of stylets
o Helpful to have small Miller blades
o Usually need 1-2mm ETT for HH, 1-1.5mm ETT for SG
o Often maintain via face mask due to difficulties intubation
o Can use small rabbit V gel in larger HH (360-700g)

87
Q

Recovery of His

A

brief period of tachypnea often occurs before arousal, attempted self removal of airway device

88
Q

Recovery of SGs

A

self-mutilation following surgery very common, close monitoring during recovery essential

Boards: Species (12 decks)

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