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Boards: Species > Aquatics > Flashcards

Aquatics Flashcards

1
Q

General Considerations for Aquatic Mammals

A

Drug Delivery = difficult

Cold, aquatic environment - fur coats, thick blubber, or fat layers for insulation

IV Access very limited, even if immobilized or anesthetized

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2
Q

General Pulmonary System of Aquatics

A

Pulmonary systems highly developed to facilitate rapid oxygen, carbon dioxide exchange

Short upper airways with extensive cartilaginous support down to small bronchioles

Take large breaths (tidal volumes) –> aids in rapid gas exchange

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3
Q

Dive Reflex - Summary

A

breath holding (apnea), decreased heart rate, shunting of blood to critical aerobic organs

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4
Q

Breathing Pattern Generator in Aquatics

A

Higher centers in brain modulate central rhythm generator both positively, negatively breathing

During episodic breathing, modulating influences alternate: periods of apnea alternating with periods of relatively high frequency ventilation

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5
Q

How Aquatic Peripheral Tissue Changes during Dives

A

 Reduce metabolic functions or
 Function by hypoxic or anaerobic pathways

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6
Q

Implications of Metabolic Changes During a Dive

A

Absorption of anesthetic can be unpredictable or slower if CNS depressants administered IM during breath holding or during activation of dive reflex

Once breathing initiated, blood flows to the periphery

Darting or drug administration should occur during active ventilation, avoided during apnea

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7
Q

When should you dart an aquatic animal?

A
  1. Active ventilation/avoided during apnea
  2. Mammals should not be darted with anesthetic while in aquatic environment
    o Can dive out of sight, drown
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8
Q

Blowhole

A

modified nasal orifice (blowhole)

Closed by muscular nasal plug when underwater
 Opens through action of forehead muscles

Divided by septum for 10-12cm

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9
Q

Aryteneoepiglottic Tube

A

Giving direct opening from internal nares to lungs
 Enable animal to breathe only through blowhole

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10
Q

Aryteneoepiglottic Tube

A

giving direct opening from internal nares to lungs
 Enable animal to breathe only through blowhole

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11
Q

Distal Airway in a Porpoise

A

10 cm from base of larynx, trachea branches into separate right bronchus

15 cm, bifurcates into two main bronchi

When intubated, do not extend tube into bronchus ie do not pass tube >10cm

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12
Q

Respiratory Pattern in a Porpoise

A

one full respiration in 0.3s

VT 5-10 L –> flow rates through air passages range from 30-70 L/s during expiration, inspiration

RR 2-3bpm, each breath is deep (~80% tidal air)

After inspiration, animal holds an apneustic plateau for 20-30s then rapid exhalation, inspiration

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13
Q

Bradycardia in Porpoises

A

frequently observed during anesthesia

Preanesthetic treatment with anticholinergics is recommended
 IV or IM dose of atropine = 0.02 mg/kg

May be from strong PSNS stimulation or effects of sedatives or analgesics

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14
Q

Sedation of Porpoises

A

meperidine =0.2 mg/kg IM in cetaceans - meperidine provides moderate restraint in cetaceans without deleterious effects +/- BZD

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15
Q

Orotracheal Intubation of Porpoises

A

Can be intubated while awake, easier after sedation or induction of unconsciousness

Relatively large airways (24-30 mm) ET tube
 Cuff inflated

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16
Q

Process of Orotracheal Intubation in Porpoises

A

 Mouth held open with towels by assistant
 Hand inserted into pharynx and grasps, pulls larynx anteroventrally from normal intranarial position
Digital intubation similar to cattle: ET tube guided into trachea by inserting 2 fingers into glottis, passing tube along palm of hand

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17
Q

Other Forms of Intubation in Porpoises

A

Blowhole intubation described in smaller cetaceans

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18
Q

Maintenance of Anesthesia in Porpoises

A

Require IPPV

Inhalants > TIVA

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19
Q

IV Access in a Purpoise

A

tail fluke veins

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20
Q

Drug Sensitivities in a Porpoise

A

Sensitivity to barbiturates: respiratory failure, death - no longer recommended

Plasma cholinesterase extremely low or absent in bottlenose dolphins, use of succinylcholine to induce muscular paralysis not recommended

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21
Q

Porpoise Parameters under GA

A

o HR 100-120 bpm
o On 100% O2: arterial pH averages 7.35, PaO2 100-200 mmHg, PaCO2 35-50 mmHg
o Room air, conscious: arterial PaO2 65-98 mmHg, PaCO2, ranges 40-60 mmHg

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22
Q

Monitoring of Depth in Porpoises

A

Cessation of tail-fluke movements = surgical anesthesia
 Occurs after loss of strong corneal and eyelid reflexes

Swimming reflex = best criterion for assessing depth

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23
Q

Other Reflexes of Depth in Porpoises

A

–Palpebral
–Corneal
–Swallowing with pharyngeal stimulation
–Body movements with anus distention
–Tail Movements
–Pectoral flipper movement IRT surface stimulation
–Movement of blowhole after stimulation of nares, vestibular sacs
–Vaginal or penile movement when manipulated

24
Q

Extubation of Porpoises

A

ET tube kept in place until blowhole reflex returns
 Usually 15-45 min after cessation of inhalant administration

Timing removal of ET tube critical
 Only after animal capable of breathing on own = movements of blowhole/thorax, struggling, coughing, or bucking
o ET tube removed, larynx must be placed in its normal intranarial position

If animal does not exhale through blowhole within 3 min or HR <60bpm, re-intubate and ventilate for a few minutes

25
Q

Porpoise Recovery

A

near neutral in buoyancy
o Out of water = more difficult for them to breath and maintain circulation
o Returned to water ASAP post recovery

26
Q

Analgesia in Porpoises

A

Local anesthesia: analgesia for minor painful procedures
o Toxic doses of various LAs not established, use smallest dose possible

NSAIDS: carprofen, flunixin – gastric ulcers common

27
Q

Toothed, Baleen Whales

A
  • Chemical immobilization, anesthesia attempted in large cetaceans
  • Killer whales: sedated with meperidine, midazolam for minor procedures

Anesthesia, sedation generally not successful

28
Q

Mortality in California Sea Lions

A

Perianesthetic mortality of California sea lions under ax = 3.4%, within 72hr post up to 4.3%

29
Q

Respiratory System of Eared Seals, Walruses, True Seals

A

Highly efficient respiratory systems
o Alveolar exchange in seals measured at ~46% vs terrestrial mammals only 12-16%

30
Q

Induction of Eared Seals, Walruses, True Seals

A

In species that can be physically restrained or sedated with BZD tranquilizers (diazepam/midazolam 0.1 mg/kg IM), induction with gas anesthetics recommended
o Mask inductions can be very fast, as little as 3-4bpm
o High alveolar exchange, low solubility

  • Respiratory monitoring important: ETCO2
  • Injectable anesthetic drug elimination = more variable
31
Q

Monitoring in Seals, Walruses

A

Temperature closely monitored via esophageal or rectal probe
o Hyperthermia/hypothermia can occur during physical restraint, sedation, anesthesia, handling outside normal aquatic environment

Doppler flow detector: important tool in assessing peripheral perfusion

32
Q

Walruses

A

High mortality rates with opioids, DA
o Most likely from severe respiratory, circulatory compromise when animals out of water
o Respiratory arrest common with potent opioids, even +ventilatory support

33
Q

Potential Protocol for Walruses

A

midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, meperidine 2.2 mg/kg
o Prevent vagal induced bradycardia atropine 0.04 mg/kg

34
Q

Drug Access in Walruses

A
  1. IM - hip, epaxial muscles, long needle 3-4 inches
  2. IV - epidural venous sinus
  3. ETT for emergency drugs
35
Q

IV Access in Walruses: epidural venous sinus

A

Place like epidural needle: sternal recumbency, wings of ileums can be palpated

Needle perpendicular to skin

Large walruses: 6 inch spinal

Epidural IV for fluids, emergency drugs, anesthetics: small boluses of propofol (40-60 mg) used to relax muscle

36
Q

Maintenance and Intubation of Walruses

A

Onset of immobilization, HR 80-100 bpm – slows to 60 as anesthesia depends

Apnea common: prove ventilatory support

Intubation easiest in sternal with head extended
 Small oral cavities
 Digital palpation of the larynx, direct placement of ET tube possible once animal relaxed, mouth pulled open by assistant

Oxygen flow rates, vaporizer settings similar to equine: minimum flow 4 L/min

37
Q

Immobilization of Southern Elephant Seals

A

seals generally lethargic
o Injected close range with pole syringe, 16-18g needle up to 4 inches in length

38
Q

Drugs Used in Seals

A
  1. Concern for excessive salivation with ketamine
  2. Succinylcholine (2.5 mg/kg) has been used to immobilize seals rapidly
     Must be used with concurrent analgesic or anesthetic drug administration, ventilatory support
  3. Medetomidine, consider reversal with atipamezole
39
Q

IV Access in Seals

A

Restrained in squeeze cage to access flipper, vein in ventral aspect of flipper
 ~3 cm anterior to its posterior for IV administration

40
Q

Meperidine in Sea Lions

A

provides little restraint of sea lions, causing profound respiratory depression
o Low dosages or avoid in sea lions

41
Q

Induction/Maintenance of Seal Lions

A

Sea lions can hold their breath for as long as 5 min
 When breathe, intake = enormous, rapid
 Respiratory pattern during induction not accurate gauge of CNS depression

Post induction, trachea is easily intubated for further inhalant, 0.75-1.5% halo/iso usually sufficient to maintain anesthesia

42
Q

telazol in sea lions

A

Telazol >2.5 mg/kg IM can be fatal in sea lions, hypothermia is commonly observed

Apneustic breathing seen post telazol, use doxapram

Safe, effective doses: 0.5-1mg/kg +/- ketamine

43
Q

Manatees

A

Many minor procedures can be performed with proper physical restraint

Local infusion for painful procedures

44
Q

Positioning of Manatees

A

Maintain in sternal if sedated or awake (restrained)

Tail is potentially dangerous if in dorsal or lateral recumbency
 Tail can be restrained by assistants, foam pads

45
Q

Potential Drug Combinations in Manatees

A

Sedation: midazolam 0.045 mg/kg IM

Light GA: restraint midazolam 0.066 mg/kg IM + meperidine (up to 1 mg/kg IM)
o Flumazenil, naloxone = effective antagonist

Nasotracheal intubation easily accomplished with fiberoptic endoscope
o Scope in one nares, tube in opposite nasal passages
o PPV recommended, iso maintenance 1.5-2.5%

46
Q

Best sites for IM Injection in Polar Bears

A

shoulder, neck = best sites for IM

47
Q

Considerations for Polar Bears

A
  1. Potent drug combinations
  2. Positioning: avoid excessive pressure on limb m - swelling, lameness
  3. Hypometabolic state in the summer
  4. reversible protocol
48
Q

Summer State of Polar Bears

A

hypometabolic state
 Characterized by fasting, decreased body temp (93-95 F)
 IM mobilizing drug requirements may also be decreased

49
Q

Importance of Reversible Protocol in Polar Bears

A

Areas where lots of polar bears congregate: important due to risk of predation, also important for mom with cubs

Immobilized with Telazol, typically keep their heads out of water better than bears immobilized with opioids
 Probably due to muscle extension with use of DA vs relaxed curled body position with use of carfentanil or etorphine

50
Q

Drug Administration and Safety in Polar Bears

A

Mature bears: darted with 22 caliber blank powered projectors, explosive discharge darts

Needle up to 10 cm in length necessary to ensure the IM injection

Polar bears notorious for pretending to be immobilized, awaken suddenly

51
Q

Polar Bear Transport

A

Suspension in a cargo net for recovery can cause acute hypertension (up to 50% increase in MAP), hypoxemia, evidence of stress

Cargo net can restrict ventilation and circulation

Should be transported on rigid platform

52
Q

Opioids in Polar Bears

A

Fentanyl, carfentanil, etorphine all used to immobilize polar bears
o Fentanyl IM 0.44 mg/kg, volume needed is too high for adult bears
o Fentanyl reportedly provides better muscle relaxation than etorphine
o Naloxone 25 mg to 10 mg of fent, 25 mg per 0.5 mg of etorphine for rapid reversal

53
Q

Sea Otter Protocol

A

Most effective combo = fentanyl 0.05-0.1 mg/kg + ACP or DZP (0.1-0.22 mg/kg IM)

54
Q

Capture, Restraint of Seanotters

A

Manual restraint, nets often effective for capture and examination
o Hand injection used in these situations
o If restraint possible, mask induction with sevo/iso works well

55
Q

Transport of Sea Otters

A

body temp to increase during capture
o Transported in well-ventilated cages that are iced to help keep animals cool

Boards: Species (12 decks)

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