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Anatomy & Physiology > LabExam2: Sheep Brain > Flashcards

LabExam2: Sheep Brain Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges consist of what 3 layers

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

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2
Q

Dura mater layer

A

thickest
outermost
very tough

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3
Q

Arachnoid is filled with _____ __________ _______ and looks like spiders

A

cerebral spinal fluid

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4
Q

Pia mater is tightly bound to the surface of the

A

CNS

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5
Q

What is the pia maters location and purpose?

A

Below the blood vessels going into the brain
act as the BBB

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6
Q

What are the brown structures embedded in pia mater?

A

Blood vessels

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7
Q

Why does the pia mater over the cerebrum have brown/black lines (blood vessels) embedded in it?

A

Because it serves as a part of the Blood Brain Barrier

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8
Q

What are the ridges and grooves in the cerebellum called?

A

ridges=gyri
grooves=sulci

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9
Q

What does the gray matter on the outside of the brain consists of?

A

NCB

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10
Q

What does the white matter inside the brain consists of?

A

axons

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11
Q

What do gyri and sulci do?

A

They increase the surface area which increases NCB and more neurons

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12
Q

More neurons means a more what brain?

A

Complex

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13
Q

What is the largest part of the human brain?

A

Cerebrum or cortex

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14
Q

The cerebrum is associated with higher brain function such as

A

thought and action

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15
Q

What are the 4 sections (lobes) the cerebrum is divided into?

A

frontal
parietal
occipital
temporal

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16
Q

What is the function of the frontal lobe in the cerebrum?

A

planning, parts of speech,problem solving, reasoning, emotions, and movement

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17
Q

What is the function of the parietal lobe in the cerebrum?

A

movement, orientation, recognition, perception of stimuli (homunculus)

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18
Q

What is the function of the occipital lobe in the cerebrum?

A

Associated with visual processing

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18
Q

What is the function of the temporal lobe in the cerebrum?

A

auditory
memory
speech

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18
Q

What do the olfactory bulbs involve?

A

Sense of smell

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19
Q

The nerves to your mouth and lower body are attached to the

A

Medulla Oblongata

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20
Q

The nerves to your eyes are connected to the

A

optic chiasm

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21
Q

The Medulla Oblongata is an extension of the spinal cord but is part of the brain and it controls many of the vegetative/reflex functions such as

A

cardiovascular
respiratory
sneezing
crying
vomiting

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22
Q

What is the pons?

A

A “bridge” from the spinal cord to the rest of the brain

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23
Q

Where is the pons located?

A

Superior (infront of) the Medulla Oblongata and inferior (beneath) the cerebellum

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24
Q

What is the pons involved in?

A

sleep, respiration, swallowing, hearing, equilibrium, taste

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25
Q

Together, the Pons and Medulla Oblongata make up the

A

brain stem

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26
Q

The midbrain (mesencephalon) is the portion of the vertebrate brain involved in

A

vision, hearing, motor control, sleep/wake, arousal (alertness), and temperature

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27
Q

Ventral

A

Toward the belly (front)

28
Q

Dorsal

A

Toward the back

29
Q

Rostral

A

Toward the nose

30
Q

Caudal

A

Toward the tail

31
Q

Superior

A

Toward the top of the head/body

32
Q

Lateral

A

Away from the middle

33
Q

Medial

A

Toward the middle

34
Q

Bilateral

A

On both sides

35
Q

Ipsilateral

A

On the same side

36
Q

Contralateral

A

On the opposite sideT

37
Q

The cerebellum is critically important for

A

motor control

38
Q

Corpus Callosum consists of bundles of

A

white axons going from one side of the brain to the other

39
Q

The bundles of axons in the corpus callosum is critical in coordinating functions between

A

the right and left cerebral hemispheres

40
Q

Where does the thalamus lay?

A

between the cerebrum and midbrain

41
Q

What are ventricles?

A

chambers filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

42
Q

What is the function of CSF in ventricles?

A

surround the spinal cord, cushioning the CNS in a fluid-filled protective layer

43
Q

What is an infection of the CSF?

A

Meningitis

44
Q

What is the hypothalamus?

A

A diffuse area right below the thalamus and above the pituitary

45
Q

What does the hypothalamus control?

A

the anterior and posterior pituitaries and involved in thermoregulation, rage, satiety, osmolarity/thirst

46
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

a small, endocrine gland (melatonin) located in the center of the brain which is above the thalamus

47
Q

The pineal gland is photosensitive and responsible for seasonal effects such as

A

breeding, coat color, texture changes

48
Q

What are the two principal cells in the brain?

A

neurons and glia

49
Q

Neurons account for the two types of tissue that can be distinguished:

A

white matter and grey matter

50
Q

What is the appearance of white matter due to?

A

myelin sheath found on the axons of some neurons

51
Q

Cell bodies have no myelin sheath and as a result they look

A

grey in color

52
Q

Axons can also be referred to as

A

fibers

53
Q

What are a bundle of axons outside the CNS?

A

a nerve

54
Q

What are a bundle of axons inside the CNS called?

A

A tract

55
Q

Within a nerve each axon is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the

A

endoneurium

56
Q

Within a nerve the axons are bundled together in a group called a

A

Fascicle

57
Q

A fascicle is surrounded by a connective tissue sheath called the

A

perineurium

58
Q

What is the corticospinal tract?

A

A bundle of axons that projects from the cortex to the spinal cord

59
Q

A spino-thalamic nerve tract would be a bundle of neurons carrying

A

information from the spinal cord to the thalamus

60
Q

What are the primary glial (support cells) of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Schwann cells

61
Q

What do Schwann cells produce?

A

Myelin sheath around the axons in the PNS

62
Q

What is one subtype of CNS glial cells?

A

Astrocytes

63
Q

Astrocytes many processes (arms) envelope what in the CNS

A

synapses

64
Q

Astrocytes not only play an important role in signaling at the CNS synapses but also regulate through

A

paracrine secretions the local CNS blood flow & contribute to the BBB w the Pia Mater

65
Q

In the CNS, oligodendrocytes are

A

glial equivalent to Schwann cells of the PNS

66
Q

Oligodendrocytes produce what around the CNS axons

A

myelin sheath

67
Q

What is a cluster of nerve cell bodies inside the CNS

A

a nucleus

68
Q

What is a cluster of NCB located outside of the CNS?

A

Ganglion

69
Q
A

Anatomy & Physiology (9 decks)

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