labelling Flashcards
5 points AO1&AO3
Social construction of deviance-marxism- fail to locate origin of labels in capitalism, moral entrepreneurs are RC but who are they
differential enforcement- selective enforcement
typifications- selective enforcement (so probs stretch para)
effects of labelling-strain theory
SFP-right realism-poorly socialised not label
labelling conclusion
deviance amplification spiral-attempt to control deviance leads to increasing it, increasing spiral
eg cohen- studied mods and rockers, who were demonised as folk devils, marginalising them further, more deviance, more labels so on
Social construction of deviance AO1
no act is deviant in itself, deviance is socially constructed
Becker- powerful social groups create deviance by creating rules and applying to particular people = outsiders
‘deviance is in the eye of the beholder’ ie those with the power to label, so person only become deviant once they have been labelled
moral crusaders- people who lead moral crusade to change law, with 2 effects:new outsiders breaking new rules
expansion of enforcers eg police to impose labels
eg homosexuality was only deviant because of labels imposed, not the act itself
social construction AO3
marxists criticise because they fail to locate origins of labels in capitalism structures, moral entrepreneurs are RCbut fail to understand who they actually are.
differential enforcement AO1
not everyone who commits offence is punished- whether they are depends on certain factors
agencies of social control label certain groups as criminals
Pillaging and Briar found that police decisions to arrest were based on stereotypes eg CAGES
official police statistics show young black males 7x more likely to be stop searched, 5x in asians
WC/EM overpoliced so crime stats not accurate
differential enforcement AO3
selective enforcement- CJS criminalises powerless groups like WC/EM, turns blind eye to RC crime, class problem not (-c)AGES
effects of labelling AO1
Lemert- by labelling someone as deviant, encouraged to commit more crime- societal reaction causes secondary (2°) deviance
1° deviance- deviant acts that haven’t been publicly labelled, mainly trivial and go uncaught eve dodging fares shoplifting speeding
not organised deviance so can be rationalised ‘moment of madness’
2°deviance is labelled, only when publicly caught, increase criminal activity, occurs from societal reaction, involving stigmatising shaming etc
offender solely seen as label- master status
eg katherine jenkins, robbed of £20 by grade A student at Oxford, label of student stuck over thief
effect of labelling AO3
strain theory- praised above for explaining root of primary deviance which 2° couldn’t occur with out, rather than just 2°
SFP AO1
live up to criminal label, may provoke crisis for sense of identity, only way to resolve is to accept deviant label and see themselves how the world sees them
leads to SFP
further societal reaction may reinforce individuals outsider status , lead to joining deviant career offering support
now harder to go straight, has a criminal record, no employment, so seeks others for support, confirming deviant identity
eg hippies- smoke🍃, labelled as deviant, form small groups where they 🍃 together
SFP AO3
right realism- not label that causes crime, it’s the inadequate socialisation
typifications AO1
police use stereotypes
those fitting typifications more likely to be arrested
