Lab VI - Evolution of Vertebrates Flashcards
What is the function of the cardiovascular system?
transport nutrients, wastes, hormones, gases, etc. to the various cells/tissues of the organism
What are vertebrates
animals that possess heads and spinal cords
Many animals such as WHAT (2) possess an open circulatory system?
arthropods & molluscs
What do arthropods & mollusks circulate in their body (hint: not blood)?
hemolymph
Why do capillaries have thin walls?
allow materials to be exchanged b/w blood and cell
is the flow of the blood unidirectional or bidirectional?
UNIdirectional
Due to what is our blood flow unidirectional?
due to valves (they prevent backflow)
What do the organs in the respiratory system provide? (2)
- O2 from air/water to diffuse in blood
- CO2 to diffuse out of blood into air/water
which characteristics do all respiratory surface organs have in common that helps them accomplish these functions? (3*)
- large & thin surface area for exchange
- extensive network of capillaries
- ALWAYS moist environment
What respiratory organs do fish use?
gills
What respiratory organs do amphibians use?
skin & lungs
What respiratory organs do mammals use?
lungs
Can a reptile breathe underwater like a fish or an amphibian?
NO, b/c amphibians can breathe through their skin & fish with their gills
AND reptile can only breath using their lungs
Main function of heart
pump blood
Main function of veins
blood vessels responsible for moving blood TOWARDS the heart
Main function of arteries
blood vessels responsible for moving blood AWAY the heart
Main function of the respiratory system
exchange gases (O2 & CO2) with the env.
If organism has a more efficient respirator/cardiovascular system, what would be the outcome? (3)
- higher metabolism
- able to thermoregulate
- faster movements
How many heart chambers do fish have?
2 heart chambers: 1 atrium + 1 ventricle
How many closed circuits do fish have?
1 closed circuit
TRUE or FALSE: fish oxygen-rich and poor blood mix
FALSE, they don’t mix, b/c they have one closed circuit
How many heart chambers do amphibians have?
3 chambers: 2 atrium + 1 ventricule
How many closed circuits do amphibians have?
2 closed circuits
YES or NO for blood-mixing in amphibians
YES, blood mixing
How come is their blood mixing in amphibians?
b/c they have 2 circuits but they are PARTIALLY separated
How many heart chambers do mammals & birds have?
4 heart chambers: 2 atrium + 2 ventricles
Is their blood mixing for mammals & fish? why?
NO, b/c 2 circulations circuits are COMPLETELY separated
Which reptiles have 3 heart chambers?
NON-crocodilians (turtles)
2 atriums + 1 ventricle
For NON-crocodilians reptiles, how many circulation circuits do they have?
2
Is their blood mixing for NON-crocodilians reptiles? why?
YES, it does minimally b/c of partial septum
How many heart chambers do crocodilians have?
4 chambered heart = 2 atriums + 2 ventricles
Is their any blood mixing if there is 4 chambers? (yes or no)
YES
How come?? Although crocodilian reptiles have a 4-chambered heart and COMPLETE separation of oxygen-rich and oxygen-poor blood at the level of the heart, how does this happen (blood mixing?)
B/c of the foramen Panizza
Explain more about the foramen of Panizza
oxygen-poor blood from the bypass aorta during periods of APNEA can mix with oxygen-rich blood from the main aorta via a HOLE between these aortae (foramen Panizza)
What are tetrapods?
mammals, birds, amphibians & reptiles
Give examples of amphibians
salamanders, newts, frogs, toads
Give examples of NON-crocodilians
turtles, lizards, snakes
Give examples of crocodilians
crocodiles, alligators, caiman
Through common ancestor, name all of them from left to right
Fish, Amphibians, Mammals, Reptiles, Birds
What does convergent evolution mean?
same or similar traits/characteristics but they are NOT related (no common ancestors)
Are mammal and birds analogies or homologies?
ANALOGIES (evolved indepently (no common ancestor))
(homologies -> same ancestor)
