Lab V: PLANTS Flashcards
The body of a vascular plant can be divided into 3 major organs, name them
- roots
- stems
- leaves
Why is the plant body large?
it provides large surfaces for the absorption of the three essential requirements for PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Tell me more about the leaves:
absorb the sun’s energy
take in CO2 and carry out photosynthesis
Tell me more about the roots:
absorb water and nutrients in the soil
Tell me more about the stems:
support the leaves and transports water
Plants grow under a specific set of environmental conditions, the most noticeable responses are governed by what (3)?
- phytohormones (organic molecules)
- light
- gravity
Which ones are considered external and internal?
phytohormones = internal (for growth and development)
light, gravity, moisture, T°C, touch = exernal
What is tropism?
it’s a response to stimuli where a non-motile organism
Difference b/w positive and negative tropism?
(+) =movement toward the stimulus (sun)
(-) = movement AWAY from the stimulus
What is Gravitropism?
it’s directional plant growth in response to gravity
In stem cells, if there is MORE auxin = is there MORE or LESS growth = LONGER or SHORTER cells on the bottom?
MORE auxin = MORE growth = LONGER ¢
In root cells, if there is MORE auxin = is there MORE or LESS growth = longer cells on the BOTTOM OR TOP?
MORE auxin = LESS growth = longer ¢ TOP
In the experiment, the roots went down and the stem went up, + or - gravitropism?
roots down = + gravitropism
stemp up = - gravitropism
Name the four major groups of land plants
- Bryophytes (e.g. mosses)
- Seedless vascular plants (ferns)
- Gymnosperms (conifers)
- Angiosperms (flowering plants)
What are the closest living relatives to plants?
the aquatic green algae
All (or most) plants have 2 things:
- waxy cuticle (prevent water loss)
- stomatal system (stoma + guard ¢) (together regulate the exchange of gases)
Bryophytes consist of 3 phyla, name them
- liverworts
- hornworts
- mosses
What are their mainly characterized by?
the absence of vascular tissue and other true tissues (true roots, true leaves, and true stems)
The seedless vascular plants consist of 2 phyla
- lycophytes
- pteridophytes
Do seedless vascular plants possess vascular tissue?
YES
Give an example of a gymnosperm
conifers
Do gymnosperms produce seeds and pollen?
YES
pollen is considered to be male or female little plants?
male, pollen produces sperm that can fertilize the egg
Name 3 characteristics of the seed
- protection
- dispersal
- embryo development
In conifers, what are called the sexual reproductive organs that produce pollen and ovules?
CONES
The adaptation of pollen in gymnosperms helped indirectly protect sperm cells from?
from desiccation (drying out)
What do male and female cones produce?
male: pollen grains
female: ovules
Are Angiosperms the most or least dominant plants?
MOST DOMINANT
The reproductive organs that produce pollen and ovules are what?
flowers
Once the egg in the ovule in fertilized, the surrounding ovary of the flower develops into what?
a fruit
Some flowers are specialized for the dispersal of pollen by what? (3)
- wind
- water
- animals
These are the structures of a typical flower: PISTIL
Found in the center of the flower. There are three regions to each pistil:
- ovary
- style
- stigma
Function of Ovary:
swollen basal, tissue that develops intro a fruit after fertilization (has ovules)
Main function of ovule
produces eggs which develop into a seed after fertilization
Style
long slender
Stigma
sticky terminal
Male reproductive structure (give the name of the group)
Stamens
Stamens has 2 MALE components:
- anther (swollen part)
- filament (slender stalk)
Main function of anther
houses pollen containing sperm for dispersal
What are sepals?
- outermost of the floral parts
- Normally green
Function: protect the inner and
delicate parts of the flower as they develop within the bud
The main function of petals
Have attractive colors/odors
+ may have at base -> glandular hairs (secrete the sugar = nectar)
ATTRACT insects to the flowers of those plants to TRANSMIT pollen
Main function of the leaf
provide a large surface area to capture the solar energy (photosynthesis)
What is the use of the outer waxy cuticle?
to limit/prevent water loss
What do we call the microscopic pore system?
stomatal system
What does the stomatal system consist of?
stoma/stomata (pores) + guard cells
Main function of stoma (pore)
where the gas exchange takes place
Main function of Guard cells
cells open/close to prevent water loss during gas exchange
What do you call the outer layer of cells providing b/w the inside & outside of leaf?
UPPER and LOWER epidermis
What is the name of the waxy acellular tissue?
Cuticle (to prevent water loss)
What do we call the elongated photosynthetic cells just beneath the epidermis?
PALISADE MESOPHYLL
Loosely packed photosynthetic cells allow the movement of O2 and CO2 between the palisade cells and the stomata
SPONGY MESOPHYLL
Vascular Bundle (vein)
Transport water & nutrients
xylem (transport of water to leaves)
& phloem (transport sugars)
The evolution of the cuticle directly helped land plants avoid what?
dessiccation
Pollen from male pine cones have air bladders, what is the function of these air bladders?
increased dispersal by wind
List 2 benefits seeds provide in plant evolution
- they provide better PROTECTION from predators
- they are NOT reliant on water for embryo dispersal
Flowers provide an increased rate of WHAT through the use of various pollinators
increased rate of FERTILIZATION (pollen dispersal)
Fruits provide an increased seed OR pollen dispersal?
SEED dispersal
Shoots will always grow (up or down)?
UP
Roots will always grow (up or down)?
DOWN
Finish the sentence:
The male cone contains ______ which can produce _____
pollen -> sperm
Finish the sentence:
The female cone contains ______ which can produce _____
ovary -> eggs
Finish the sentence:
The male part of the flower called ______ contains _______ which can produce _________
stamen -> pollen -> sperm
Finish the sentence:
The male part of the flower called ______ contains _______ which can produce _________
pistil -> ovary -> eggs
TRUE OR FALSE:
Sticky pollen will increase dispersal
TRUE
What mainly disperses Gymnosperm’s pollen and their seeds? (wind or animals)
WIND for both
What mainly disperses Angiosperm’s pollen and their seeds? (wind or animals)
ANIMALS
