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NUR 221 > LAB VALUES - LONG > Flashcards

LAB VALUES - LONG Flashcards

1
Q

—The blood has 3 major types of cells

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

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2
Q

—Erythrocytes

A

—Red Blood Cells

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3
Q

—Erythrocytes —Live

A

120 days

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4
Q

—Erythrocytes —Male – ERR

A

4.6-5.9 mill/m3

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5
Q

—Erythrocytes —Female –ERR

A

4.2-5.4 mill/m3

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6
Q

—Red cells needed for tissue

A

oxygenation

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7
Q

—Erythrocytes —Elevated in ___ _____ or after ______ (due to need of O2)

A

high altitudes
activity

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8
Q

—Need to make happy healthy RBCs

A

Good Genes
Can inherit genes like sickle cell
Healthy Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Healthy Thyroid
Hypothyroidism – decreases production of red cells

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9
Q

—Erythropoietin

A

?

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10
Q

—Hypothyroidism – decreases production of

A

red cells

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11
Q

—Building blocks RBC’S

A

Vitamin B12
Iron
Folic Acid

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12
Q

— —Hemoglobin Male - ERR

A

13.0-18.0 g/dl

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13
Q

Hemoglobin —Female ERR

A

12.0-16.0 g/dl

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14
Q

Hemoglobin —Elevated in

A

pregnancy

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15
Q

Hemoglobin —Decreased in hemorrhage, destruction of Hgb, lack of items to form Hgb, hemolytic anemia, renal disease, SLE, bone marrow suppression, etc.

A

hemorrhage,
destruction of Hgb,
lack of items to form Hgb,
hemolytic anemia,
renal disease,
SLE,
bone marrow suppression, etc.

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16
Q

—Hemoglobin —Decreased Potential for infection is

A

increased

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17
Q

—Hemoglobin —Decreased Potential for infection is —Increased ex’s

A

Polycythemia Vera, Congestive Heart Failure, COPD

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18
Q

—Polycythemia –

A

abnormal increase in the number of RBCs ??

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19
Q

—Note that excessive intake can cause a

A

decrease in Hgb. ??

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20
Q

—Hematocrit —Determines the percentage of

A

RBCs in the plasma (roughly 3 times the Hgb)

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21
Q

—Hematocrit —Male ERR

A

45-52%

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22
Q

—Hematocrit —Female ERR

A

37-48%

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23
Q

— —HematocritDecreases in

A

pregnancy especially last trimester due to increase of serum volume

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24
Q

—Hematocrit —Also decreased in

A

anemias,
adrenal insufficiency,
leukemias,
Hodgkin’s Disease,
chronic illness,
acute and chronic blood loss,
hemolytic reaction

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25
Q

when hemoconcentration rises considerably

A

—Increased in erythrocytosis, Polycythemia Vera, and shock

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26
Q

(MCV)

A

—Mean Corpuscular Volume

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27
Q

—Mean Corpuscular Volume

A

—Describes the average size of RBC

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28
Q

—MCV Formula

A

MCV = Hct ÷ RBC

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29
Q

(MCV) ERR

A

—80-100 µm3

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30
Q

microcytic

A

—<80 – (RBC too small) CONFIRM IS THIS A TYPE OF ANEMIA

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31
Q

—9/10 iron deficiency anemia ??

A

Most iron deficiency anemias are child related
Iron is essential for vertical growth in kids
Iron deficiencies in adults are usually not diet related.

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32
Q

microcytic causes

A

Lead poisoning
Thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia)
GI Bleeds (adults
Growing kids – too much milk (no more than 16 oz/day, interferes with iron absorption)
Too much tea (tannins interfere with iron absorption)
Celiac disease (interferes with iron absorption)
Long term PPIs

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33
Q

macrocytic

A

—>100 – (RBC too large)
—Think booze (liver disease)
CONFIRM IS THIS A TYPE OF ANEMIA

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34
Q

macrocytic causes

A

Think booze (liver disease)
Hemolysis
Certain drugs

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35
Q

megaloblastic

A

—>120 – anemia

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36
Q

megaloblastic causes

A

B12 or folic acid deficiency
Vegans
PPI long term use

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37
Q

—MCH (what does mch mean?)

A

—Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin
Amount of Hgb in a single cell

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38
Q

MCH ERR

A

—27-32 pg

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39
Q

— (MCHC)

A

Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin Concentration
—Portion of each cell occupied by Hgb
—Seen in iron deficiency anemia

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40
Q

—Reticulocytes

A

—Immature RBC, elevated with hemorrhage (takes 1-4 days to mature)

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41
Q

—Immature RBC, elevated with hemorrhage (takes 1-4 days to mature)

A

?

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42
Q

—Reticulocytes —___ - ____% of total RBC

A

0.5-2.5

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43
Q

—Reticulocytes —Slightly increased in

A

pregnancy

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44
Q

—Reticulocytes —Increase – after acute

A

blood loss. Iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease due to the destruction of the RBC

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45
Q

——Reticulocytes Decrease – w/

A

—Reticulocytes

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46
Q

—Leukocytes

A

—White Blood Cells

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47
Q

—Granulocytes

A

Blood consists of two types of white blood cells (WBC), viz,granulocytes and agranulocytes.

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48
Q

—Granulocytes

A

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils

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49
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

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50
Q

—Neutrophils __-__% of WBC

A

40-80 % ( GRANULOCTYES

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51
Q

—Neutrophils —Bands are immature

A

neutrophils

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52
Q

—Neutrophils —Segs are

A

mature

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53
Q

—Neutrophils —Life span

A

a couple of hours

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54
Q

—Neutrophils —Left shift –

A

Bands greater than segs (infection)

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55
Q

—Neutrophils —Right shift –

A

Segs greater than bands (liver disease, pernicious anemia)

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56
Q

—Neutrophils —Phagocytic –

A

job is to eat virulent bacteria!

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57
Q

—Eosinophils 0-5%

A

—Granulocytes, cont
—Respond to foreign protein (allergic response)
Responds to parasites
Does not respond to virus or bacteria

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58
Q

——Eosinophils 0-5% Respond to foreign protein (allergic response) EX

A

—Ragweed, pollen, dust, peanuts, some drugs to name a few.

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59
Q

— —Eosinophils Responds to

A

parasites

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60
Q

— —Eosinophils —Does not respond to

A

virus or bacteria

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61
Q

—Basophils 0-2%

A

—Granulocytes,
Look at an attack on the body, releases heparin to prevent clotting and sends WBC to site of attack
Elevated in graft rejections
Decreased in hypothyroidism

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62
Q

—Elevated in graft rejections

A

?

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63
Q

—Decreased in hypothyroidism

A

?

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64
Q

—Lymphocytes __-_____% OR wbc

A

—10-40% of WBC

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65
Q

—T Cells (CD3+) – 70-80% ARE

A

(Killer cells)

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66
Q

—T Cells —Stimulate release of

A

B cells

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67
Q

B cells—Responsible for

A

cellular immunity

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68
Q

—B Cells

A

(CD19+) – 10-20% (produce antibodies)

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69
Q

—NK Cells

A

(CD16+) Natural Killer Cells – 10%

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70
Q

——Lymphocytes Decreased in immunodeficiency disorders, lupus, antineoplastic drug therapy, sepsis, ischemia

A

lupus,
antineoplastic drug therapy,
sepsis,
ischemia

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71
Q

—Thrombocytes

A

—Platelets

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72
Q

—Platelets —Cause

A

homeostasis

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73
Q

— ERR —Platelets Range

A

150,000 - 450,000

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74
Q

—Platelets ——Life span

A

5-10 days

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75
Q

Platelets—Die in the

A

spleen

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76
Q

—Decrease platelets and increase WBCs is a sign of

A

sepsis

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77
Q

—Platelets are decreased:

A

CHF
Viral or bacterial infections
HIV
Alcohol toxicity
Renal disease
After massive blood transfusion (dilution effect)

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78
Q

—Platelets are increased:

A

Iron deficiency anemia
Essential thrombocytopenia
Asphyxiation
Rheumatoid Arthritis, SLE, other collagen diseases
Chronic pancreatitis, TB, inflammatory bowel diseases

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79
Q

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

A

—Measures the speed in which RBC settle in a tube of anticoagulated blood

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80
Q

—Measures the speed in which RBC settle in a tube of anticoagulated blood

A

?

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81
Q

——Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR Male:

A

0-15 mm/hr

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82
Q

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR —Female:

A

0-20 mm/hr

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83
Q

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR Pregnancy ERR

A

0-15 mm/hr

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84
Q

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Increased in

A

pregnancy, inflammation, tissue injury, rheumatoid arthritis, PID, AIDS

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85
Q

—Plasma

A

—55% of blood volume
—Straw colored
—Contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones

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86
Q

—Serum

A

—Plasma minus the clotting protein fibrinogen
—Used for certain chemistry tests and routine blood bank tests

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87
Q

—Clotting Studies

A

—Prothrombin time (PT)
—INR
Activated partial Prothrombin time (PTT)
D-Dimer

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88
Q

—Prothrombin time (PT)

A

—~15 seconds

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89
Q

—INR

A

—<2

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90
Q

—Activated partial Prothrombin time (PTT)

A

—~30 seconds

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91
Q

—D-Dimer —Increased with:

A

—DIC,
arterial and venous thrombosis,
renal or liver failure,
pulmonary embolism,
MI,
malignancy,
inflammation,
severe infection,
COVID-19 (diffuse clotting)

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92
Q

D-Dimer —Normal Values

A

<250µg/L or <1.37 nmol/L

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93
Q

—Can do on spinal fluid to rule out

A

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Positive in SAH. ??

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94
Q

—Hematologic Tests You are looking at:

A

Oxygenation
Infectious processes
Bleeding

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95
Q

—When to call the physician

A

Look at trends. Is it sudden or slow changes?
Look at mental status- irritability, restlessness
Look at activity or at rest – Increased respirations, increased SOB
Look at HR increase >20 B/Min or greater than 120
Look at skin – petechiae (sudden – decreased platelets)

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96
Q

When to call the physician —Look at trends. Is it sudden or slow changes?

A

IN A SUDDEN CHANGE YOU CALL DOC

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97
Q

—Look at mental status- irritability, restlessness

A

??

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98
Q

—Look at activity or at rest – Increased respirations, increased SOB

A

CALL THE DOC:?

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99
Q

—Look at HR increase >20 B/Min or greater than 120

A

CALL THE DOC:?

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100
Q

—Look at skin – petechiae (sudden – decreased platelets)

A

CALL THE DOC:?

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101
Q

—Herbal effects

A

Garlic – risk of increased bleeding
Ginkgo – risk of increased bleeding
Echinacea – impairs wound healing and can effect immunosuppressive drugs

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102
Q

—Glucose

A

Fasting
Random
2 hour post prandiial
Glucose tolerance test
Hemaglobin A1C or Glycohemoglobin

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103
Q

—Glucose —Fasting ERR child and ERR adult

A

—60 – 100 mg/dl (Child)
.70-100 mg/dL (Adult)

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104
Q

—Hypoglycemia Glucose

105
Q

—Hyperglycemia Glucose

106
Q

mild diabetic acidosis Glucose level

107
Q

moderate diabetic acidosis glucose level

108
Q

severe diabetic acidosis Glucose level

109
Q

—Glucose —Fasting —Measure with

A

acetone levels

110
Q

——Glucose —Fasting — Elevates with

A

glucocorticoids,
adrenalin release
growth hormone
during pregnancy

111
Q

—Postprandial Blood Sugar Usually done when

A

— at 2 hours after meal

112
Q

—Postprandial Blood Sugar—Glucose > 140 usually suggest

113
Q

—Postprandial Blood Sugar glucose Values do rise about

A

15 mg/dl with each decade of life

114
Q

—Hemoglobin A1C

A

is this different than the a1bc???

115
Q

—Hemoglobin A1C

A

—Measures only one component of Hgb A

116
Q

—Hemoglobin A1C ERR non diabetic adult

A

—2.2-5.6% -

117
Q

Hemoglobin A1C ERR pre-diabetic

A

—5.6-6.4 –—

118
Q

Hemoglobin A1C ERR diabetic

A

—> 6.5 - —

119
Q

Hemoglobin A1C ERR good diabetic control

A

—2.5-5.9% - —

120
Q

Hemoglobin A1C ERR fair diabetic control

A

—6-8% - —

121
Q

Hemoglobin A1C ERR poor diabetic control

A

—>8% - —

122
Q

—Acetone or Ketones

A

May be serum or urine

Serum acetone level
0.3-2.0 mg/dl
Serum ketone levels
Undiluted – 4+ = mild ketoacidosis
1;1 dilution – 4+ = moderate ketoacidosis
1:2 dilution – 4+ = severe ketoacidosis

123
Q

—Large amounts —Acetone or Ketones in serum is diagnostic of

A

ketoacidosis

124
Q

—Serum acetone level

A

—0.3-2.0 mg/dl

125
Q

—Serum ketone levels

A

Undiluted – 4+ = mild ketoacidosis
1;1 dilution – 4+ = moderate ketoacidosis
1:2 dilution – 4+ = severe ketoacidosis

126
Q

—Acetone or Ketones

A

—Urine ketones are elevated before serum buildup because as ketones enter the bloodstream, the excess is excreted by the kidneys

127
Q

—Electrolytes

A

Sodium
Potassium
Chloride
Carbon Dioxide
Calcium
Phosphorus
Magnesium

128
Q

—Sodium ERR

A

134-145 mEq/L

129
Q

Highest concentration of all electrolytes in serum

130
Q

Maintains osmotic pressure

131
Q

Water goes to where the salt is So changes are in relation to fluid

A

overload or dehydration

132
Q

—Elevated when not enough water in the body to balance the increasing sodium level.

133
Q

—As sodium pulls water into the vascular system, the cells are

A

also depleted of water.

134
Q

—Seen w/

A

diarrhea or vomiting

135
Q

SODIUM IS DECREASED W/

A

Fluid overload
IV fluid without sodium
SIADH
Over production of ADH which lead to increase in total body water
Compulsive water drinking
Some types of renal failure
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Vomiting and diarrhea
Addison’s Disease

136
Q

—Electrolytes - Potassium ERR

A

—3.5-5.0 mEq/L

137
Q

Potassium —Essential for

A

neuromuscular function and cardiac function

138
Q

—Kidneys excrete almost all the

A

potassium (GI to a small extent)

139
Q

—Hyperkalemia

A

K+ (>5mEq/L)

140
Q

—Hyperkalemia CAN CAUSE

A

Renal Failure
Too rapid infusion of potassium replacement
Initial reaction to massive tissue damage
Associated with metabolic acidosis

141
Q

—Hypokalemia

A

K+ (<3.5 mEq/L)

142
Q

—Hypokalemia can cause

A

Diuretics, especially thiazides
Inadequate intake, vomiting or potassium free IV fluids
Large amounts of steroids
Aftermath of tissue destruction or high stress
Associated with metabolic alkalosis

143
Q

—Electrolytes - Chloride ERR

A

—110-250 mEq/L

144
Q

—Increase is note usually looked at

A

separately. Looked at in conjunction with increased sodium level and a decreased bicarbonate level
Kidneys unable to excrete chlorides properly
IV fluids containing sodium
CONFIRM WHAT THIS MEANS

145
Q

—Hypochloremia

A

(Decreased chloride level)

146
Q

—Hypochloremia often due to

A

—Due to vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, and diuretics

147
Q

—COPD due to high bicarb levels

A

???? Ask dr brown or research thius one

148
Q

—Any alkalotic state

A

???? Ask dr brown or research thius one

149
Q

—Electrolytes – Carbon Dioxide

A

—Indirect measurement of bicarbonate levels

150
Q

—Indirect measurement of bicarbonate levels

A

Metabolic Acidosis
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Shock with tissue hypoxia
Renal failure or severe dehydration
Cardiac arrest
Aspirin overdose
CONFIRM WHAT IS DECREASED, THE CO2 LEVEL OF THE HCO3 LEVEL

151
Q

—Electrolytes – Carbon Dioxide Decreased in:

A

GI loses below the pylorus (pancreatic secretions high in bicarbonate)
Increase in serum chloride level

152
Q

—Electrolytes - Calcium ERR

A

—8.5-10.5 mg/dl

153
Q

—Calcium Carried mainly by

A

albumin (decrease of 1g of albumin means a decrease in 0.8 mg/dl of calcium)

154
Q

—Hypercalcemia

A

Ca+ (>10.5 mg/dl)

155
Q

——Hypercalcemia Pseudo rise caused by

A

dehydration

156
Q

—Hypercalcemia other causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Malignancies
Immobilization
Thiazide diuretics
Vitamin D intoxication

157
Q

—Hypocalcemia

A

Ca+ (<8.5 mg/dl)

158
Q

—Pseudo decrease w/

A

low albumin levels

159
Q

—Hypocalcemia other causes

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Chronic renal disease
Pancreatitis
Massive blood transfusions
Severe malnutrition

160
Q

—Electrolytes - Phosphorus ERR

A

—3.0-4.5 mg/dl

161
Q

——Electrolytes - Phosphorus Major intracellular anion – regulates

A

enzymatic action necessary for energy transformation

162
Q

—Electrolytes - Phosphorus Located in

A

bone and skeletal muscle

163
Q

—Hyperphosphatemia

A

Always evaluated with serum calcium levels
Lack of PTH decreases renal excretion of phosphorus
Increase of growth hormone
Vitamin D intoxication
Malignancies

164
Q

—Hypophosphatemia

A

Hyperparathyroidism
Diuretics
Some types of renal diseases
Drugs that bind phosphate like aluminum and magnesium
Malabsorption syndromes

165
Q

—Electrolytes - Magnesium ERR

A

—1.5-2.0 mEq/L

166
Q

—Electrolytes - Magnesium —Essential for

A

neuromuscular function and activation of certain enzymes

167
Q

——Electrolytes - Magnesium Excreted primarily by

A

the kidneys

168
Q

—Hypermagnesemia

A

Renal Failure
IV administration of MgSO4 for toxemia

169
Q

—Hypomagnesemia

A

Chronic malnutrition
Diarrhea or draining GI fistulas
Diuretics
Diabetes
Hypercalcemia or other complex metabolic disorders

170
Q

—Cardiac Markers (Enzymes)

A

CK
CK-MB
LDH
LDH-1
SGOT
Myoglobin
Troponin I
BNP

171
Q

—CK

A

Creatine Kinase

172
Q

Creatine Kinase Elevated w/

A

muscle activity or damage

173
Q

Three types: Creatine Kinase

A

CK –I
CK-II
CK-III

174
Q

CK –I

A

(BB) brain tissue and smooth muscle

175
Q

CK-II

A

(MB) heart tissue

176
Q

CK-III

A

(MM) Muscle tissue

177
Q

Creatine Kinase Normal ERR

A

—<100 µ g/ml

178
Q

CK – Creatine Kinase With MI

A

Onset 4-6 hours
Peak 24 hours
Return to normal 2-3 days
CONFIRM WHAT THIS MEANS

179
Q

—CK-MB

A

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN

180
Q

—CK-MB NORMAL ERR

A

—<10% of total

181
Q

CK -MB With MI

A

Onset 4-6 hours
Peak 12-20 hours
Return to normal 2-3 days
Can also be elevated with Reye’s Syndrome, SAH, CO poisoning, circulatory failure and shock, polymyosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

182
Q

—LDH

A

Lactic Dehydrogenase

183
Q

Lactic Dehydrogenase Found in large amounts in

A

heart, liver, muscles, and erythrocytes

184
Q

Lactic Dehydrogenase ERR

A

—150-300 U/ml

185
Q

Lactic Dehydrogenase W/ MI

A

Onset 8-12 hours
Peak 2-4 days
Return to normal 7-10 days

186
Q

LDH1

A

LDH1- heart and erythrocyte

187
Q

LDH2

A

LDH2- reticuloendothelial system

188
Q

LSH3

A

LDH3- lungs and other tissues

189
Q

LDH4

A

LDH4- placenta, kidney, pancreas

190
Q

LDH5-

A

LDH5- liver and striated muscle

191
Q

normal ERR

A

LDH1 > LDH2
30-35% OF TOTAL
LDH2>LDH1 W/ MI in day 1 and persistant flip may represent reinfarction CONFIRM WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????

192
Q

—SGOT

A

Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase

193
Q

Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase

A

Released from damaged cardiac cells
Can also be elevated with liver involvement such as hepatitis, shock, trauma, cirrhosis.
Also elevated with Reye’s Syndrome and pulmonary infarction.

194
Q

—SGOT Normal ERR

A

—8-40 U/ml

195
Q

—SGOT wi MI

A

Onset 8-12 hours
Peak 1-2 days
Return to normal 3-6 days

196
Q

—Myoglobin

A

Cardiac Marker with high sensitivity for detection of AMI within the first few hours of presentation
Low specificity for cardiac necrosis in patients with renal failure or skeletal muscle trauma (use with other markers)

197
Q

Low specificity for cardiac necrosis in patients with

A

renal failure or skeletal muscle trauma (use with other markers)

198
Q

—Myoglobin Normal ERR

A

—<110 ng/ml

199
Q

Myoglobin With MI

A

Onset 1-2 hours
Return to normal 12-24 hours

200
Q

—Troponin I

A

Assay that is less influenced by other factors than Troponin T

201
Q

The greater the Troponin leak the greater the

A

risk of death

202
Q

Troponin I Normal ERR

A

—<1.5ng/ml

203
Q

Troponin I With MI

A

Onset 7-14 hours
Peak 24 hours
Return to normal 7 days

204
Q

—BNP – B-Type Natriuretic peptide

A

Cardiac enzyme produced by the heart ventricles in response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload

205
Q

AMI RATES (WHAT IS AMI??)

A

—<80 – low mortality at 10 months with AMI
—>80 – high mortality at 10 months with AMI.

206
Q

CHF RATES

A

100-200 – LV dysfunction, no CHF
<230 – low admission rate or mortality from CHF
230-480 – probable admission from CHF
>480 – definite admission and high risk of death

207
Q

—pH

A

—Measures H+ concentration to reflect acid-base status

208
Q

—pH ERR

A

—Normal – 7.35 – 7.45

209
Q

pH Acidic

A

—Acidic – less than 7.35

210
Q

pH Alkalotic

A

—Alkalotic – greater than 7.45

211
Q

—PaCO2

A

—Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood
—Respiratory component of acid-base

212
Q

—PaCO2 —Normal ERR

A

35-45 mm Hg

213
Q

—Hypercapnia

A

(PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg) – alveolar hypoventilation & respiratory acidosis

214
Q

—Hyperventilation

A

(PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg) – respiratory alkalosis

215
Q

—PaO2

A

—Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood
—No role in acid-base regulation if within normal limits

216
Q

—PaO2—Normal ERR

A

80-95 mm Hg

217
Q

—Hypoxemia

A

(PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production and metabolic acidosis

218
Q

—Hypoxemia can cause

A

hyperventilation leading to resp. alkalosis

219
Q

—Saturation

A

Measures degree Hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen
Effected by changes in temperature, pH, and PaCO2
Drops rapidly when PaO2 falls below 60 mm Hg
Best range – 95%-99%, but needs to be above 90%

220
Q

—Base Excess or deficit

A

—Indicates the amount of blood buffer (hemoglobin and plasma bicarbonate) present

221
Q

—Normal ±2

222
Q

—Alkalosis >2

223
Q

—Acidosis <2

224
Q

—HCO3

A

Renal component of acid-base regulation
Reported as CO2 content or total CO2

225
Q

——HCO3 Normal ERR –

A

22-26 mEq/L

226
Q

—Metabolic acidosis -

227
Q

—Metabolic alkalosis -

A

> 26 mEq/L

228
Q

—Can be primary or compensatory

229
Q

—Lipid Metabolism

A

Serum Cholesterol
Serum Triglycerides
High-density lipoprotein cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

230
Q

—Serum Cholesterol

A

Essential for the production of bile salts, for the manufacture of many steroid hormones, and for the composition of cell membranes.

231
Q

—Serum Cholesterol ERR

A

<200 mg/dL – Normal however prefer to be under 180 with the new guidelines

232
Q

—Serum Cholesterol Borderline HIgh4

A

200-239 mg/dL

233
Q

—Serum Cholesterol High

A

> 240 mg/dL High

234
Q

—Serum Cholesterol Increases with pregnancy but

A

returns to baseline in about a month

235
Q

—Serum Triglycerides

236
Q

—High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

237
Q

—Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

238
Q

—Hyperlipidemia

A

Broad term that means an high plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or complex lipoproteins.

239
Q

—Serum Cholesterol Elevated in:

A

Familial cholesterolemia
Familial combined hyperdemia
Familial hypertriglyceridemia
Liver disease with biliary obstruction
Hypothyroidism
Pancreatic dysfunction
Corticosteroids
Nephrotic syndrome
Pregnancy

240
Q

—Serum Cholesterol Decreased in:

A

Hyperthyroidism
Severe liver damage (can’t manufacture cholesterol anymore)
Malnutrition
Chronic anemia
AIDS
Cortisone therapy
Low levels unlikely to cause any symptoms

241
Q

—Triglycerides

A

Neutral fats and oils that come from animal and vegetable oils and breakdown of carbohydrates
Peak 5 hours after a meal
Excess are used for energy and stored as adipose tissue

242
Q

—Triglycerides Normal ERR - —Below 65 Years of age

A

90-150 mg/dL (females slightly lower)

243
Q

—Triglycerides Normal ERR —Older than 65 Years of age

A

—130-135 mg/dL

244
Q

—Triglycerides Elevated in:

A

Pregnancy
Birth control pills
Nephrotic syndrome
Pancreatic dysfunction
Diabetes
Toxemia in pregnancy
Hypothyroidism

245
Q

—Triglycerides Decreased in:

A

—Rare genetic defects

246
Q

If lTriglycerides are ow due to an exhaustion of body stores of essential fatty acids then you see

A

thinning hair, scaly and dry skin, poor wound healing, and decrease in platelets

247
Q

— (HDL)

A

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

248
Q

20% of total cholesterol is

249
Q

Low levels HDL are associated w/

A

increase of cardiovascular disease

250
Q

HDL Levels <35 put you at risk of

251
Q

HDL Levels >35 make you less

A

likely for CAD

252
Q

Can increase HDL levels w/

253
Q

—High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL)Normal Male ERR

A

—>44-45 mg/dl

254
Q

—High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL) Normal Femal ERR

A

—>55 mg/dl

255
Q

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL)

A

Carry cholesterol in the plasma.
Associated with CAD and noted as the “bad” cholesterol

256
Q

LDL formula

A

LDL = total cholesterol – (HDL cholesterol + triglycerides)

257
Q

Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) desirable range for adults

A

<130 mg/dl:

258
Q

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) Borderline high risk for CAD

A

130 – 159 mg/dl:

259
Q

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) high risk for CAD

A

> 160 mg/dl:

NUR 221 (16 decks)

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