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Pathophys > Lab Tests and Values > Flashcards

Lab Tests and Values Flashcards

1
Q

Diagnostic test that detects viruses genetic material?

A

Molecular test

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2
Q

Diagnostic test that detects specific proteins found on the surface of the virus (also known as the rapid diagnostic test)

A

Antigen test

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3
Q

Diagnostic test that tests for antibodies made by immune cells (lymphocytes) in response to a threat (specific virus)
(Also called serological test, blood test)

A

Antibody test

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4
Q

Lab values can help a PT with…

A
  1. Provide supplemental info
  2. Develop best POC
  3. Utilize most appropriate interventions
  4. Treating the patient safely
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5
Q

Abnormal lab values represent physiologic deviations that may require what from a PT?

A
  1. Modification of treatment/interventions

2. Contraindicated intervention

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6
Q

Reference values/range -

A
  1. Normal values/range established by testing large number of healthy individuals
  2. May vary across age, gender, geo location, ethnicity, cultural, economic characteristics
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7
Q 
Reference range of and what do they tell us?
Hemoglobin = 
Hematocrit = 
Platelets = 
WBC =
A 
Hemoglobin = 14-18
Hematocrit = 38-52
-> Both tell us O2 carrying capacity
Platelets = 150,000 - 450,000
-> Bleeding Risk
WBC = 4,000 - 11,000
-> Infection
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8
Q

T/F Values within 3 SDs of mean or typically considered normal

A

False, 2 SDs

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9
Q

T/F All individuals with values outside of the reference range are ill

A

False, some may not be

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10
Q

T/F Some individuals who are ill may fall within the reference range

A

True

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11
Q

T/F Screening is not diagnostic

A

TRUE

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12
Q

Screening -

A

Effort to identify individuals who are at risk for certain diseases

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13
Q

What should be the next step for individuals identified at risk?

A

Diagnostic testing

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14
Q

What are some values that should be monitored in patients?

A
  1. Hemoglobin A1c (glucose levels in diabetic patients)

2. Liver function/enzymes

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15
Q

Examples of lab tests are sufficiently sensitive and specific (diagnostic for a pathology)

A

True, BRCA1/2 = breast/ovarian cancer

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16
Q

Example of lab test that only piece of diagnostic puzzle

A

CRP - proinflammatory marker of liver used in combo for cardiac issues

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17
Q

Examples of lab values that are suggestive of less physiological demanding exercises

A
  1. Hg/HCT

2. Platelets - risk of bleeding if fall

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18
Q

Normal levels of blood glucose
fasting =
2 hrs after meal =

A

fasting = 70-99

2 hrs after meal = <140

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19
Q

What does presence of ketosis reflect?

A

Increased reliance on fatty acids for energy provision (ATP)

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20
Q

When should physical activity be avoided (at what glucose levels)?

A

Fasting glucose levels of:

  1. > 250 with ketosis present
  2. > 300
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21
Q

When should a diabetic ingest added carbs (what glucose level)?

A

glucose levels <100

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22
Q

Na levels and Na excretion at the level of the kidney are a critical determinant of what?

A

Blood volume

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23
Q

Elevated plasma [ ] can suggest what about water?

Depressed plasma [ ] can suggest what about water?

A 
Water loss (dehydration)
Water retention
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24
Q

Hypernatremia -

A

Elevated Na [ ]

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25
Q

What can cause Hypernatremia? (5 things)

A
  1. Increased fluid loss (sweating)
  2. Adrenal gland dysfunction (increased aldosterone favors Na retention in kidney = water reabsorption)
  3. Limited H2O intake (geriatric population)
  4. Diuretics/ACE inhibitors/ARBS (favor water loss)
  5. Excessive dietary intake
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26
Q

Hyponatremia

A

Depressed sodium [ ]

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27
Q

What can cause Hyponatremia? (5 things)

A
  1. Excessive H2O intake (hypervolemia)
  2. Inadequate Na intake
  3. CHF, kidney failure, liver disease (hypervolemia)
  4. Severe vomiting and diarrhea (Na loss exceeds water loss)
  5. Adrenal gland dysfunction (Addison’s disease) - (Reduced aldosterone synthesis - increase Na loss in kidney)
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28
Q

Why if potassium important?

A

Normal function of excitability of cells (abnormal levels = change in resting potential of cells)

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29
Q

Potassium levels can provide insight into what two functions?

A
  1. Renal

2. Adrenal

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30
Q

Hyperkalemia effect on AP-

A

brings membrane potential closer to threshold needed for the generation of AP

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31
Q

Hyperkalemia results in (3 things)

A
  1. Arrhythmias
  2. respiratory arrest
  3. Neurologic consequences
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32
Q

Hyperkalemia can be caused by (4 things)

A
  1. Kidney failure
  2. Hypoaldosteronism (addison’s disease - disease of adrenal gland)
  3. Dietary intake
  4. NSAIDs, ARBs, diuretics (favor water loss)
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33
Q

Hypokalemia effect on AP-

A

Makes membrane potential more negative and more difficult to stimulate (hyperpolarization)

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34
Q

Hypokalemia results in (5 things)

A
  1. Palpitations
  2. Fatigue, leg cramps, muscle weakness
  3. Flaccid paralysis
  4. NandV
  5. Constipation
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35
Q

Hypokalemia can be caused by (5 things)

A
  1. Diarrhea
  2. N&V
  3. Diuretics
  4. Kidney dialysis
  5. Low dietary intake
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36
Q

Hypocalcemia can result from -

A
  1. Renal disease

2. Diuretics (water loss)

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37
Q

Short term/long term hypocalcemia -

A

Short term - numbness/tingling, muscle cramps/tetany, lethargy, convulsions (neuromuscular instability), negative chronotropic effect and ionic effect
Long term - osteopenia, osteoporosis

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38
Q

Hypercalcemia results from -

A

Hyperparathyroidism caused by excessive release of parathyroid hormone -> stimulates osteoclast activity to degrade bone and make available in circulation

39
Q

Hypercalcemia results in (4 things)

A
  1. Kidney stones
  2. Bone pain
  3. Abdominal pain/N7V
  4. Tachycardia
40
Q

Glucose tolerance test (GTT)

A

Patient fasts -> blood sample -> consume high CHO drink -> blood sampled 60 and 120 min later

41
Q

Impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) -

A
  • Glucose value between 140-200 2 hours after drinking glucose solution
  • Individual is at risk of developing diabetes (Type I) over time
42
Q

If glucose value >200 after 2 hours of drinking glucose solution, what is the diagnoses?

A

Diagnostic Type I DM

43
Q

Hemoglobin A1C -
Good control =
Fair control =
Poor control =

A

Test for glycemic control
Good control = 2.5-5.9%
Fair control = 6%-7%
Poor control = >7%

44
Q

Long term health in both T1 and T2 DM is directly related to what?

A

Glycemic control

45
Q

When H A1C is >7%, patient at risk for what symptoms

A

Hyperglycemia - vision loss, cardiac dysfunction, peripheral neuropathy

46
Q

S/S of hypoglycemia?

A
  1. Headache
  2. Nervousness
  3. Irritability
  4. Decreased coordination
  5. Shaking
  6. Tachycardia
  7. Weakness
47
Q

Severe diabetic hypoglycemia leads to what?

A

Diabetic comma

48
Q

T/F Exercise should occur after eating not after insulin administration

A

True

49
Q

Type 1 DM -
Cause -
Treatment -

A
  • Loss of insulin production
  • Cause: damage to pancreas, genetics
  • Treatment: diet/exercise, insulin
50
Q

Type 2 DM -
Cause -
Treatment -

A
  • Inability of cells to respond to insulin (decreased sensitivity to insulin)
  • Cause: diet/lifestyle (obesity)
  • Treatment: diet/exercise, metformin
51
Q

Symptoms of chronic hyperglycemia -

A
  1. Polyphagia - frequent hunger
  2. Polydipsia - frequent thirst
  3. polyuria - increased volume of urine production
  4. Blurred vision
  5. Fatigue
  6. Weight loss
  7. Poor wound healing
  8. Cardiac dysrhythmias
52
Q

Ketoacidosis

A

Develops when use of glucose is severely limited resulting in increased break down of fats resulting in high levels of ketone bodies of ketosis

53
Q

Ketone bodies (increase/decrease) blood pH

A

Decrease

54
Q

S/S ketoacidosis - (7)

A
  1. Breath smells like juicy fruit
  2. Tachycardia
  3. Hypotension
  4. Acidosis
  5. High blood sugar
  6. Hyperkalemia
  7. Polyuria
55
Q

What does a patient with ketoacidosis need? (3 things)

A
  1. Hydration
  2. Insulin
  3. Electrolyte replacement
56
Q

Creatine -

A
  • Released from striated muscle and excreted by the kidney in constant amounts so should be constant ratio if kidneys functionally normally
57
Q

If the kidney fails, what effect on creatine levels?

A

Can not excrete creatinine so creatine levels go up in the blood

58
Q

Describe differences in creatinine levels -

A
  1. Clearance changes with age, physiological state, and medical conditions
  2. Clearance changes with pharmacokinetic properties of drugs
  3. Levels larger in males than females
59
Q

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) -

A

Measures amount of urea nitrogen - a waste product of liver catabolism of amino acids present in serum

60
Q

DECREASED RENAL FUNCTION and decreased renal clearance causes BUN levels to -

A

rise

61
Q

Elevated BUN associated with (6 things)

A
  1. Heart failure (not being cleared)
  2. Gastrointestinal bleeding
  3. Hypovolemia (dehydration - not being cleared)
  4. Kidney disease/failure (not being cleared)
  5. Shock (not cleared)
  6. Urinary tract obstruction (cleared but backs up into blood)
62
Q

Bilirubin -

A
  • Reddish-yellow substance formed when hemoglobin is broken down by macrophages -> processed by
    liver -> excreted in bile
  • Used to assess liver function
63
Q

Liver damage/disease effect on bilirubin -

A

Reduces amount of bilirubin it modifies and removes from the blood resulting in the accumulation in the blood

64
Q

T/F Small amounts of bilirubin are processed in the kidney

A

True, creates yellow color of urine

65
Q

T/F Degradation of bilirubin responsible for brown color of feces

A

True

66
Q

Describe cause of jaundice -

Signs -

A 
Blood accumulation of bilirubin that leads to yellow discoloration of skin
Signs:
1. Yellow skin/eyes
2. Lightening of feces
3. Bruising
67
Q

Causes of elevated serum bilirubin (6)

A
  1. Reduced ability of liver to process
  2. Cirrhosis (scarring of liver)
  3. Hepatitis
  4. Alcoholic liver disease
  5. Increased RBC destruction (sickle cell anemia, transfusion reaction)
  6. Anatomic obstruction (biliary stricture, gallstones)
68
Q

Albumin -

A

Protein synthesized in the liver that transports small charged molecules through the blood

69
Q

Major role of albumin -

A

keeps fluid in the blood from leaking into the tissues (defines oncotic pressure)

70
Q

Low levels of albumin can be caused by (2)

A
  1. Liver disease (inability to synthesize normal amounts)

2. Malnutrition

71
Q

Glomerulonephritis -

A

Kidney disease that allows albumin to enter kidney tubules and be excreted

72
Q

Albuminuria -

A

too much albumin in urine

73
Q

Microalbuminuria -

A
  • modest increase of albumin in urine

- associated with increase risk for developing diabetes

74
Q

What can cause decreased RBC?

A
  1. Anemia
  2. Blood loss
  3. Dietary insufficiency of iron and vitamins essential to production
  4. Chemo
75
Q

What can cause increased RBC?

A
  1. Dehydration
  2. Severe diarrhea
  3. Poisoning
  4. Pulmonary fibrosis
  5. High altitude
  6. Chronic heart disease
76
Q

Neutropenia is a risk factor for -

A

Developing an infection (hand hygiene important!)

77
Q

Blasts -

A

immature WBC indicative of blood pathologies

78
Q

Absolute neutrophil count (ANC) -

What does is reflect?

A
  • Number of neutrophils in blood

- Reflects body’s ability to fight infection

79
Q

What is the most common cause of decreased ANC?

A

Chemo

80
Q

Platelets -

A

Initiate clotting sequence to plug damaged blood vessels

81
Q

As platelets count decreases, risk of bleeding

A

increases

82
Q

Platelets count may be decreased as a result of

A
  1. Bone marrow suppression
  2. Bleeding disorders
  3. Other diseases
83
Q

Prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) -

A
  • Tests used to determine coagulability either diagnostically or to monitor anticoagulant therapy of heparin and warfarin
  • Is run pre surgery and when anticoagulant therapy is given
84
Q

International normalized ratio (INR) -

A
  • Determines clotting time and bleeding risk

- Effects of oral anticoagulant (warfaring) on blood clotting

85
Q

INR can be prolonged in (4)

A
  1. Presence of anticoagulants
  2. Liver dysfunction
  3. Vit K deficiency
  4. Coagulation factors deficiency
86
Q

T/F Almost all substances in urine are also found in blood

A

True

87
Q

The color of urine -

A
  1. Reflects [ ]

2. Pale yellow = normal

88
Q

What does increased urine color mean?

A

Increased color suggest concentrated urine (dehydration and increased water reabsorption)

89
Q

Specific gravity of urine -

A
  • Density of substance (urine)/density of ref substance (water)
  • Reflects [ ] of excreted molecules in urine
  • Measure of kidney function
90
Q

When there are more molecules excreted, the specific gravity will (decrease/increase)

A

Increase

91
Q

Increased specific gravity suggests -

A
  • Increased [ ] of solutes in urine

- Dehydration, diarrhea, emesis, excessive sweating, decreased blood flow to kidney, excess ADH secretion

92
Q

Decreased specific gravity suggests -

A
  • Decreased [ ] of solutes in urine

- Renal failure, excessive fluid intake or specific kidney disease

93
Q

Higher pH can be causes by - (alkaline)

A

Severe vomiting
Kidney disease
Urinary tract infections
Asthma

94
Q

Low pH can be caused by - (acidic)

A 
Severe lung disease
Uncontrolled diabetes
Aspirin overdose
Severe diarrhea
Dehydration
Starvation
ALcohol
Drinking antifreeze

Pathophys (16 decks)

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