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Pathophys > Intro to Patho > Flashcards

Intro to Patho Flashcards

1
Q

Etiology

A

Underlying cause of disease

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2
Q

Pathogenesis

A

mechanism that results in the presenting signs and symptoms

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3
Q

Pathology seeks to identify how ____ are different from healthy tissue and link _____ to system dysfunction

A
  • Both gross and microscopic appearance (morphology) of cells and tissues
  • these differences
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4
Q

Signs
ex:
Who can recognize?

A
  • Any objective evidence of a disease
    ex: blood in stool, skin rash, cough
  • Can be recognized by a doctor, nurse, family member or the patient
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5
Q

Symptoms
Ex:
Who can recognize?

A

Feature that suggests a disease and it is perceived by the patient
ex: Stomach ache, low back pain, fatigue

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6
Q

Morphology

A

Study of form and structure

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7
Q

Subclinical

A

Not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms

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8
Q

Who reports symptoms?

A

Patient reports

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9
Q

Signs are what type of information?

A

Objective information

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10
Q

Sequela(e)

A

Condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury

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11
Q

Complications

A

Unfavorable evolution of a disease, health condition or a therapy

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12
Q

Resolution

Ex:

A

Reduction in the severity of a pathological state

Ex: healing of bone, wound care

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13
Q

What is the etiology of COVID-19?

A

The cause = SARS-CoV-2 Virus

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of COVID-19?

A

The mechanism of injury:

  1. Virus enters body through respiratory tract
  2. Infects cell types (cardiac myocytes, kidney cells - reduce blood flow to kidney)
  3. Pulmonary Edema
  4. Inflated systemic inflammatory response (cytokine storm, TNF IL-6)
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15
Q

Illness

acute or chronic?

A
  • Sickness of deviation from a healthy state
  • Broader and more generic
  • Tends to be acute
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16
Q

Disease

acute or chronic?

A
  • Biological/psuchological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction
  • Tend to be chronic
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17
Q

T/F a disease has to be substantiated by objective data

A

True

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18
Q

T/F A disease is always perceived by presence of an illness

A

False

CAN occur w/o perceiving presence of an illness (ex: HPN, atherosclerosis, cervical cancer)

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19
Q

Acute Disease

Ex:

A
  • Rapid onset, short duration
  • Usually self limiting
    ex: bone fracture
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20
Q

T/F Can’t anticipate full recovery with acute disease

A

False, can

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21
Q

Chronic disease

Ex:

A

-Often results in permanent impairment, physical or cognitive disability
-Often requires special rehabilitation and/or long term management
Ex: child with bone deformity

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22
Q

T/F Chronic disease may fluctuate in intensity

A

True

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23
Q

Preservation of a constant environment in a changing external environment

A

Homeostasis

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24
Q

An inability to maintain homeostasis can lead to pathologies:

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Energy balance
  3. Serum glucose
  4. Osmoregulation
  5. Acid-base balance
  6. Blood VL
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25
Q

What is the Germ model?

A
  • Cause by microorganisms

- Not all inclusive

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26
Q

Biomedical Model is driven by what?

A

Cause and effect relationship

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27
Q

Biomedical Model is focused on what while ignoring what?

A

Biological factors as causative agents while ignoring psychosocial input

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28
Q

Causes of the biomedical model?

Ex:

A
  1. Inherited/gene defects
  2. Congenital defects (present at birth)
  3. Exposure to toxins
  4. Exposure to infectious agents
  5. Trauma
  6. Degenerative processes
    ex: Diabetes, RA, Atherosclerosis, CAD
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29
Q

What is the biopsychosocial model?

A
  1. Biological
  2. Psychological - thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
  3. Social - socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural
    All play role in human functioning in the context of disease (IFC model)
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30
Q

Which medical model of disease drives the current practice of medicine?

A

Biomedical Model

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31
Q

The cellular response to an insult depends on what 3 things?

A
  1. Type of insult
  2. Severity (quantity) of insult
  3. Duration of insult
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32
Q

The cellular consequences of an insult depends on what 4 things?

A
  1. Type of insult
  2. Status of cells at time of insult
  3. Adaptability of cells
  4. Genetic makeup of cells
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33
Q

Ideally, the healing process allows for (full/no) restoration of original cellular structure and function.

A

Full

34
Q

If injury is sufficiently serious, full restoration to preinjury is…

A

not possible

35
Q

Fibrosis -

Compare to original tissue -

A
  • Nonfunctional tissues (scar tissue) laid down after serious injury
  • Structural integrity but lacks functional capacity of original tissue
  • Pt’s want to limit
36
Q

Ischemia -

A

Blood flow below minimum necessary to maintain cell homeostasis

37
Q

Reduced O2 availability can be caused by what two mechanisms?

A
  1. Reduced blood flow (ischemia)

2. Increase in metabolism beyond the capacity of the vascular system to deliver oxygen

38
Q

Reduced O2 availability can cause what 4 things?

A
  1. Increased reliance on glycolysis
  2. Decreased ATP synthesis
  3. Lowers pH
  4. Intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids (swelling of cell and organelles)
39
Q

Hypoxia or anoxia -

A

deficiency or absence of O2

40
Q

T/F In hypoxia and anoxia both blood flow and O2 content is compromised

A

False, blood flow may be adequate but O2 content is compromised

41
Q

What are 4 possible causes of Hypoxia or anoxia?

A
  1. Obstruction in moving air to lung
  2. Inadequate movement of O2 from lung to blood
  3. Inadequate transport of O2 (anemia, blockage)
  4. Inability to utilize O2 at tissue level to fuel cell processes
42
Q

Aberrant immune reactions -

ex:

A

overly aggressive inflammatory response

Ex: cancer, anaphylaxis

43
Q

Autoimmune diseases -

ex:

A

body does not recognize its cells as “self” and mounts an immune response
ex: Diabetes mellitus, SLE, TB (chronic presence of antigen that can not be cleared leading to a granuloma), RA

44
Q

How does bacteria invade tissue? (2 possible ways)

A
  1. Release exotoxins - into surrounding medium

2. endotoxins - remain within bacteria and released upon cell death

45
Q

Sepsis -

A

presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood

46
Q

Septic shock -

A

Endothelial cell damage -> reduced blood volume -> maldistribution of blood flow results in CV collapse or septic shock

47
Q

What are viruses?
What are their effects?
Ex:

A

Virally coded proteins disrupt internal components of the cell or the cell membrane (sars-cov 2)
-> initiate an inflammatory response that is inappropriate (asthma, RA, Crohn’s disease)

48
Q

Genetic Abnormalities -

ex:

A

Inappropriate genetic information

  1. Chromosomal damage (downs syndrome)
  2. Single mutations which change protein function (sickle cell anemia)
  3. Epigenetic
  4. Obesity
49
Q

Nutritional/caloric imbalances that can cause cell injury:

A
  • Inadequate protein intake
  • Inadequate iron intake (anemia)
  • Inadequate intake of VC (Scurvy)
  • Inadequate production of VD (bone defects)
50
Q

Physical factors that can cause cell injury:

A
  1. Trauma - MVA, athletics, wounds

2. Extremities of environmental factors (cold, heat, radiation)

51
Q

Chemical factors that can cause cell injury:

A
  1. Directly injure/kill cells (heavy metals, chemo agents)
  2. Metabolites injure/kill cells (acetaminophen)
  3. Generate reactive oxygen species (nitric oxide, dna fragmentation)
52
Q

T/F Pathologies cause injury to cells which make up tissues which reduce organ function

A

True

53
Q

Mild injury leads to ->

A

Sub lethal alterations/injury and inflammation in cells with recovery causing return to preinjury state

54
Q

Moderate to severe injury leads to ->

A

Tissue alterations and inflammation with unlikely repair to function preinjury

55
Q

Reversible cell injury -

A

PT interventions designed to influence this process

56
Q

Chronic cell injury -

A
  • Adaptation to chronic insult

- Leads to decrease in function

57
Q

Irreversible cell injury -

A
  • Cell death

- secondary to apoptosis or necrosis

58
Q

T/F Chronic insult will not cause materials to accumulate in cells.

A

False. May cause materials to accumulate in cells -> morphologic changes
ex: Fats (binge drinking), cholesterol

59
Q

Atrophy of cell size -

A
  • Decrease in size secondary to loss of cell substance or cell number
  • Smaller organ/tissue
60
Q

T/F Atrophy of cells means cell death

A

False, may have reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells

61
Q

Hypertrophy or cell size -

A

Increase in the size of cells, increased size of organ

62
Q

Physiologic hypertrophy -

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Uterus
  3. Myocardium
63
Q

Pathologic hypertrophy -

A

Thyroid

64
Q

Hyperplasia of cells -

A

Increase in cell number -> increase in organ size

65
Q

Hormonal Hyperplasia -

A

driven by hormones

66
Q

Compensatory Hyperplasia -

A

driven by tissue loss or damage

67
Q

Metaplasia of cell -

Arises from what?

A
  • One adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type

- arises from genetic reprogramming

68
Q

Ex of Metaplasia of cell:

A

Columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous cells in upper airways of smokers

69
Q

Dysplasia of cell -

A
  • Abnormal tissue growth or development

- Early stage in the development of cancer

70
Q

Ex of macroscopic dysplasia -

A

Hip dysplasia

71
Q

Ex of microscopic dysplasia -

A

cancers

72
Q

Microscopic dysplasia -

Characterized by what?

A

Cells look abnormal under microscope

  1. Unequal size
  2. abnormally shaped
  3. Excessive pigmentation
  4. Unusual number of cells dividing
73
Q

Pap smears test for what?

A

Epithelial dysplasia

74
Q

Apoptosis -

A

Cell death

75
Q

T/F Apoptosis plays important role in normal cellular house keeping

A

True, usually regulated, controlled and useful for killing off injured cells

76
Q

autophagy -
Involves what?
ex:

A
  • catabolism of cellular components
  • involves smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
  • Site of degradation of compounds (p450)
  • ex: pus
77
Q

T/F breakdown of products in autophagy can be damaging.

A

True

78
Q

Two ways of dealing with degradation products:

A
  1. Absorption

2. Necrosis

79
Q

Necrosis -

A

form of tissue injury that results in cell death within living tissue

80
Q

T/F necrosis is caused by factors internal to the cell or tissue

A

False, external (toxins, infection, trauma)

81
Q

Necrosis results in what?

ex:

A

Unregulated digestion of cell components -> release into extracellular spaces -> initiates inflammatory response -> accumulation of decomposing cell debris
ex: Gangrene

82
Q

Debridement -

A

surgical removal of dead tissue

Pathophys (16 decks)

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