Intro to Patho Flashcards
1
Q
Etiology
A
Underlying cause of disease
2
Q
Pathogenesis
A
mechanism that results in the presenting signs and symptoms
3
Q
Pathology seeks to identify how ____ are different from healthy tissue and link _____ to system dysfunction
A
- Both gross and microscopic appearance (morphology) of cells and tissues
- these differences
4
Q
Signs
ex:
Who can recognize?
A
- Any objective evidence of a disease
ex: blood in stool, skin rash, cough - Can be recognized by a doctor, nurse, family member or the patient
5
Q
Symptoms
Ex:
Who can recognize?
A
Feature that suggests a disease and it is perceived by the patient
ex: Stomach ache, low back pain, fatigue
6
Q
Morphology
A
Study of form and structure
7
Q
Subclinical
A
Not severe enough to present definite or readily observable symptoms
8
Q
Who reports symptoms?
A
Patient reports
9
Q
Signs are what type of information?
A
Objective information
10
Q
Sequela(e)
A
Condition that is a consequence of a previous disease or injury
11
Q
Complications
A
Unfavorable evolution of a disease, health condition or a therapy
12
Q
Resolution
Ex:
A
Reduction in the severity of a pathological state
Ex: healing of bone, wound care
13
Q
What is the etiology of COVID-19?
A
The cause = SARS-CoV-2 Virus
14
Q
What is the pathogenesis of COVID-19?
A
The mechanism of injury:
- Virus enters body through respiratory tract
- Infects cell types (cardiac myocytes, kidney cells - reduce blood flow to kidney)
- Pulmonary Edema
- Inflated systemic inflammatory response (cytokine storm, TNF IL-6)
15
Q
Illness
acute or chronic?
A
- Sickness of deviation from a healthy state
- Broader and more generic
- Tends to be acute
16
Q
Disease
acute or chronic?
A
- Biological/psuchological alteration that results in organ/system dysfunction
- Tend to be chronic
17
Q
T/F a disease has to be substantiated by objective data
A
True
18
Q
T/F A disease is always perceived by presence of an illness
A
False
CAN occur w/o perceiving presence of an illness (ex: HPN, atherosclerosis, cervical cancer)
19
Q
Acute Disease
Ex:
A
- Rapid onset, short duration
- Usually self limiting
ex: bone fracture
20
Q
T/F Can’t anticipate full recovery with acute disease
A
False, can
21
Q
Chronic disease
Ex:
A
-Often results in permanent impairment, physical or cognitive disability
-Often requires special rehabilitation and/or long term management
Ex: child with bone deformity
22
Q
T/F Chronic disease may fluctuate in intensity
A
True
23
Q
Preservation of a constant environment in a changing external environment
A
Homeostasis
24
Q
An inability to maintain homeostasis can lead to pathologies:
A
- Thermoregulation
- Energy balance
- Serum glucose
- Osmoregulation
- Acid-base balance
- Blood VL
25
What is the Germ model?
- Cause by microorganisms
| - Not all inclusive
26
Biomedical Model is driven by what?
Cause and effect relationship
27
Biomedical Model is focused on what while ignoring what?
Biological factors as causative agents while ignoring psychosocial input
28
Causes of the biomedical model?
| Ex:
1. Inherited/gene defects
2. Congenital defects (present at birth)
3. Exposure to toxins
4. Exposure to infectious agents
5. Trauma
6. Degenerative processes
ex: Diabetes, RA, Atherosclerosis, CAD
29
What is the biopsychosocial model?
1. Biological
2. Psychological - thoughts, emotions, and behaviors
3. Social - socio-economical, socio-environmental, and cultural
All play role in human functioning in the context of disease (IFC model)
30
Which medical model of disease drives the current practice of medicine?
Biomedical Model
31
The cellular response to an insult depends on what 3 things?
1. Type of insult
2. Severity (quantity) of insult
3. Duration of insult
32
The cellular consequences of an insult depends on what 4 things?
1. Type of insult
2. Status of cells at time of insult
3. Adaptability of cells
4. Genetic makeup of cells
33
Ideally, the healing process allows for (full/no) restoration of original cellular structure and function.
Full
34
If injury is sufficiently serious, full restoration to preinjury is...
not possible
35
Fibrosis -
| Compare to original tissue -
- Nonfunctional tissues (scar tissue) laid down after serious injury
- Structural integrity but lacks functional capacity of original tissue
- Pt's want to limit
36
Ischemia -
Blood flow below minimum necessary to maintain cell homeostasis
37
Reduced O2 availability can be caused by what two mechanisms?
1. Reduced blood flow (ischemia)
| 2. Increase in metabolism beyond the capacity of the vascular system to deliver oxygen
38
Reduced O2 availability can cause what 4 things?
1. Increased reliance on glycolysis
2. Decreased ATP synthesis
3. Lowers pH
4. Intracellular accumulation of ions and fluids (swelling of cell and organelles)
39
Hypoxia or anoxia -
deficiency or absence of O2
40
T/F In hypoxia and anoxia both blood flow and O2 content is compromised
False, blood flow may be adequate but O2 content is compromised
41
What are 4 possible causes of Hypoxia or anoxia?
1. Obstruction in moving air to lung
2. Inadequate movement of O2 from lung to blood
3. Inadequate transport of O2 (anemia, blockage)
4. Inability to utilize O2 at tissue level to fuel cell processes
42
Aberrant immune reactions -
| ex:
overly aggressive inflammatory response
| Ex: cancer, anaphylaxis
43
Autoimmune diseases -
| ex:
body does not recognize its cells as "self" and mounts an immune response
ex: Diabetes mellitus, SLE, TB (chronic presence of antigen that can not be cleared leading to a granuloma), RA
44
How does bacteria invade tissue? (2 possible ways)
1. Release exotoxins - into surrounding medium
| 2. endotoxins - remain within bacteria and released upon cell death
45
Sepsis -
presence of microorganisms or their toxins in the blood
46
Septic shock -
Endothelial cell damage -> reduced blood volume -> maldistribution of blood flow results in CV collapse or septic shock
47
What are viruses?
What are their effects?
Ex:
Virally coded proteins disrupt internal components of the cell or the cell membrane (sars-cov 2)
-> initiate an inflammatory response that is inappropriate (asthma, RA, Crohn's disease)
48
Genetic Abnormalities -
| ex:
Inappropriate genetic information
1. Chromosomal damage (downs syndrome)
2. Single mutations which change protein function (sickle cell anemia)
3. Epigenetic
4. Obesity
49
Nutritional/caloric imbalances that can cause cell injury:
- Inadequate protein intake
- Inadequate iron intake (anemia)
- Inadequate intake of VC (Scurvy)
- Inadequate production of VD (bone defects)
50
Physical factors that can cause cell injury:
1. Trauma - MVA, athletics, wounds
| 2. Extremities of environmental factors (cold, heat, radiation)
51
Chemical factors that can cause cell injury:
1. Directly injure/kill cells (heavy metals, chemo agents)
2. Metabolites injure/kill cells (acetaminophen)
3. Generate reactive oxygen species (nitric oxide, dna fragmentation)
52
T/F Pathologies cause injury to cells which make up tissues which reduce organ function
True
53
Mild injury leads to ->
Sub lethal alterations/injury and inflammation in cells with recovery causing return to preinjury state
54
Moderate to severe injury leads to ->
Tissue alterations and inflammation with unlikely repair to function preinjury
55
Reversible cell injury -
PT interventions designed to influence this process
56
Chronic cell injury -
- Adaptation to chronic insult
| - Leads to decrease in function
57
Irreversible cell injury -
- Cell death
| - secondary to apoptosis or necrosis
58
T/F Chronic insult will not cause materials to accumulate in cells.
False. May cause materials to accumulate in cells -> morphologic changes
ex: Fats (binge drinking), cholesterol
59
Atrophy of cell size -
- Decrease in size secondary to loss of cell substance or cell number
- Smaller organ/tissue
60
T/F Atrophy of cells means cell death
False, may have reduced functional capacity and/or reduced number of cells
61
Hypertrophy or cell size -
Increase in the size of cells, increased size of organ
62
Physiologic hypertrophy -
1. Skeletal muscle
2. Uterus
3. Myocardium
63
Pathologic hypertrophy -
Thyroid
64
Hyperplasia of cells -
Increase in cell number -> increase in organ size
65
Hormonal Hyperplasia -
driven by hormones
66
Compensatory Hyperplasia -
driven by tissue loss or damage
67
Metaplasia of cell -
| Arises from what?
- One adult cell type replaced by another adult cell type
| - arises from genetic reprogramming
68
Ex of Metaplasia of cell:
Columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous cells in upper airways of smokers
69
Dysplasia of cell -
- Abnormal tissue growth or development
| - Early stage in the development of cancer
70
Ex of macroscopic dysplasia -
Hip dysplasia
71
Ex of microscopic dysplasia -
cancers
72
Microscopic dysplasia -
| Characterized by what?
Cells look abnormal under microscope
1. Unequal size
2. abnormally shaped
3. Excessive pigmentation
4. Unusual number of cells dividing
73
Pap smears test for what?
Epithelial dysplasia
74
Apoptosis -
Cell death
75
T/F Apoptosis plays important role in normal cellular house keeping
True, usually regulated, controlled and useful for killing off injured cells
76
autophagy -
Involves what?
ex:
- catabolism of cellular components
- involves smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)
- Site of degradation of compounds (p450)
- ex: pus
77
T/F breakdown of products in autophagy can be damaging.
True
78
Two ways of dealing with degradation products:
1. Absorption
| 2. Necrosis
79
Necrosis -
form of tissue injury that results in cell death within living tissue
80
T/F necrosis is caused by factors internal to the cell or tissue
False, external (toxins, infection, trauma)
81
Necrosis results in what?
| ex:
Unregulated digestion of cell components -> release into extracellular spaces -> initiates inflammatory response -> accumulation of decomposing cell debris
ex: Gangrene
82
Debridement -
surgical removal of dead tissue
