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lab test Flashcards

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1
Q

independent variable

A

the variable being tested in an experiment

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2
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable being measured during an experiment

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3
Q

controlled variables

A

variables that stay the same through the whole experiment (species, amount of food/ water etc.)

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4
Q

replication

A

every experiment needs to be replicated to ensure similar results

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5
Q

experimental design

A

comparing what the experimental and control groups will go through

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6
Q

continuous data

A

can have whole or half numbers (fractions, decimals) is shown by a line graph

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7
Q

experimental control

A

a group that does not receive any treatment

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8
Q

discrete data

A

whole numbers only. cannot have any in between numbers. used in bar graphs, bars should not be touching

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9
Q

carbohydrate structure

A

polymers of polysaccharide monomers. have a 1:2:1 ratio C:H:O

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10
Q

benedicts test

A

tests for reducing sugars by changing color when it comes into contact with a free ketone or aldehyde group. will turn red/orange when the result is positive

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11
Q

Lugols iodine test

A

tests for starch in carbohydrates. if positive, solution will turn blue/black

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12
Q

positive control for benedicts test

A

glucose

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13
Q

negative control

A

distilled water

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14
Q

why would sucrose test negative (benedicts test)

A

because sucrose does not have a free ketone or aldehyde group

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15
Q

why does the starch and HCL solution test positive for the benedict test

A

Because of the addition of the HCl in this solution, it is able to break some bonds and a free ketone or aldehyde group will become free

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16
Q

Biuret test

A

tests for the peptide bonds (C-N) in proteins will turn violet with a positive test

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17
Q

why do amino acids test negative during biuret test

A

because amino acids do not have the peptide bonds that proteins have

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18
Q

protein structure

A

peptide (C-N) bonds

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19
Q

triglycerol

A

glycerol backbone and three fatty acids

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20
Q

sudan IV test

A

tests for lipids positive test will have a layer of red or globules

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21
Q

saturated fat

A

solid at room temperature because they only have single bonds to hydrogen

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22
Q

unsaturated fat

A

liquid at room temperature (oils) because they have some double bonds to hydrogen

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23
Q

how can you tell if a drink is a diet drink

A

to test if something is actually diet, you would use benedicts test to test for reducing sugars in the drink

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24
Q

would a soy burger test positive for protein

A

soy has proteins and therefore peptide bonds. you would use the biuret test for peptide bonds to figure out whether the burger has protein or not

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25
Q

which vegetable enzyme is the most effected by heat

A

onion, because it changed color to clear the quickest after being added to heat

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26
Q

which vegetable was the least effected by heat

A

celery was the least effected because it never did turn clear after heat was applied

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27
Q

what is the optimal temp for peroxidase

A

22 deg C or room temperature produced the deepest blue color(zucchini)

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28
Q

what could happen if an enzyme is out of its optimal temperature

A

if a enzyme is out of its optimal temperature, it may denature and therefore lose its function

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29
Q

what concentration of amino acid was there a large drop in level of absorbance

A

5mg aa had the first drop in absorbance for some vegetables, then again at 15mg for the rest of the vegetables

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30
Q

does increasing aa have the same effect on all the vegetables

A

Essentially increasing amount of ascorbic acid will eventually have the same effect on all enzymes (lower absorbance level) its just a matter of how much it takes to turn the solution clear with ascorbic acid

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31
Q

what color does TMB turn the enzyme

A

Blue. darker blue = more enzyme activity, lighter blue = less enzyme activity

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32
Q

ecomorphs of anolis lizards

A
  1. twig anoles 2. crown giant anoles 3. trunk ground anoles, 4. trunk anoles 5. grass bush anoles 6. trunk crown anoles
33
Q

ecomorph vs. species

A

an ecomorph may not be closely related (usually pretty distant) but may look similar because they live in similar habitats. Species may not look alike but are closely related (usually because they habituate in different environments

34
Q

convergent evolution

A

different species have habitats in similar environments, so they have similar traits and evolve in similar ways even though they are of different species. Anolis ssagrei and anolis cybotes are from different islands but are both twig anoles, so they both probably evolved in similar habitats and have similar traits

35
Q

adaptive radiation

A

organisms / species diversity from one ancestral species by branching off rapidly into new species or ecomorphs

36
Q

ecomorph

A

same species living in different habitats and therefore having different traits

37
Q

nomenclature

A

first name is class second is italicized and lowercase for species

38
Q

natural selection

A

traits make it easier for individuals to survive in their environment, species with non - favored traits will not live very long because they will have better fitness than the other species If NS disturbs H-W equilibrium, evolution will occur

39
Q

directional selection

A

one extreme phenotype is favored because of some reason (ex. camoflauge)

40
Q

speciation

A

as two populations become genetically different, they become less able to interbreed, so they create an in between ancestor

41
Q

genetic drift

A

chance events (sudden change in environment) that changes allele frequencies over time

42
Q

population size vs. genetic drift

A

when the population is bigger, genetic drift will take a longer amount of time to have a lager effect, just because there are so many different individuals it has to get through, smaller population = more genetic drive, larger population = smaller amount of genetic drift

43
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selection pressures working against extreme phenotypes, favoring normal phenotypes

44
Q

disruptive selection

A

selective pressures favoring two extreme phenotypes, working against the normal phenotypes

45
Q

rules of microscopes

A

always remove slide, set objective to lowest power, use two hands to carry, wrap cord around oculars, put dust cover on

46
Q

low objective

A

4x power, 40 magnification

47
Q

medium objective

A

10x power, 100 magnification

48
Q

large objective

A

40x power, 400 magnification

49
Q

field of view calculations

A

how many squares specimen takes up on graphing slide (1 square = 1 mm) divided by how much space the specimen takes up (ex. 4,25 squares / 2 (half the slide) )

50
Q

mitosis

A

occurs in somatic cells (body cells). ends in two daughter cells. no genetic variation. results in two diploid cells

51
Q

prophase

A

chromosomes condense in the middle of the nucleus and spindle fibers begin to form

52
Q

metaphase

A

chromosomes line up along the centromere and spindle fibers are fully formed and attach to each chromosome on each side.

53
Q

anaphase

A

chromosomes are pulled apart into sister chromatids to opposite ends to the cell.

54
Q

telophase

A

sister chromosomes are at the end of the cell and the cell begins to split into two

55
Q

cytokinesis

A

where the actual cell splits into two. cleavage furrow forms in animal cells to pinch cells apart and cell wall physically separates the cells by forming a wall in the middle of the two cells in plant cells

56
Q

what stage are cells in the longest

A

prophase

57
Q

what stage are cells in the shortest amount of time

A

anaphase

58
Q

where does meiosis occur in plants

A

sporangia

59
Q

what do plants produce by meiosis

A

spores (gametes) haploid

60
Q

what do animals produce by meiosis

A

sperm / eggs (gametes) haploid

61
Q

gene

A

genetic information on a gene

62
Q

locus

A

location of a gene on a chromosome

63
Q

null hypothesis

A

there is no significant difference between expected and observed results

64
Q

prediction (mendelian genetics)

A

if there is no significant difference, we can accept the null hypothesis and expected and actual ratios should be the same

65
Q

expected ratios for monohybrid cross (without codominance, or incomplete dominance)

A

3:1

66
Q

expected ratios for dihybrid cross

A

9:3:3:1

67
Q

what could it mean when the expected ratios are incorrect

A

could mean there was sampling error, or there was co dominance or incomplete dominance present in that allele

68
Q

expected mendelian ratio for test cross (monohybrid)

A

1:1:1:1

69
Q

nucleotide vs amino acid sequence

A

A nucleotide chain is a chain of base pairs of RNA or DNA (that are nnot linked together) these will have the same percent similarity and percent identity because each dna base can only code for one rna base. amino acids have redundancy so they will not quite match even though they code for the same thing, given the different percent identity and similarity

70
Q

percent identity

A

percent of nucleotides or amino acids that are the exact same in a comparison of amino acids or nucleotides

71
Q

percent similarity

A

percent of how many nucleotides or amino acids that have the same characteristics. (if one amino acid is large and one is small, it will not count as a similarity, same with hydrophilic vs hydrophobic.)

72
Q

why is there a difference in percent similarity and percent identity in the amino acid sequence

A

because of the redundancy in amino acid coding (four nucleotides code for 20 amino acids) the amino acids in two sequences may be similar but they might code for different things or have different characteristics, meaning they are not quite as similar as they may seem

73
Q

electrophoresis

A

using small amounts of dna to insert in a well of a container will gel, turning on the electrophoresis and seeing the base pair fragments move down the machine from negative to positive. will show dna matches if fragments are of the same size (same length down the machine)

74
Q

CRISPR

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

75
Q

Cas genes

A

genes that code for cas proteins

76
Q

nucleases

A

proteins(enzymes) that cut DNA

77
Q

helicases

A

unwind dna (enzyme)

78
Q

parts of the Cas9 system

A

Cas9, gRNA, host RNA

cells/genetics/evolution (4 decks)

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