Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

cells/genetics/evolution > genetics module > Flashcards

genetics module Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

somatic cells

A

non reproductive cells. have 2 sets of chromosomes. go through mitosis (example - muscle cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

gametes

A

reproductive cells (sperm and egg) each have half a set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

cytokinesis

A

process where the two cells physically split apart (is a process within both mitosis and meiosis) happens through cleavage furrow in animal cells and cell all in plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G1 checkpoint

A

cell decides whether or not the cell is viable for continuing. checks for cell size, proper nutrients, proper growth and if there is damage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

G0 phase

A

if the cell is not viable after G1 checkpoint it will enter this phase and either recover and return back to go through mitosis or stay in this phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

G2 checkpoint

A

checks for dna damage and problems with replication. if there is something wrong the cell will stop and fix the problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

spindle checkpoints

A

checks the chromosome attachment during mitosis. (whether all chromosomes have been attached for anaphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the chemical constituent in nucleotides

A

nucleosides and a phosphate group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

purines

A

A, G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

pyrimidines

A

C, T, U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how are nucleotides held together

A

by a phosphodiester bond in a 3’ to 5’ orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

binary fission

A

prokaryote reproduction by cell division. chromosomal reproduction starts at the origin of replication

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

autosomes

A

non sex chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

prophase one

A

where crossing over occurs (only part of meiosis where this happens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

metaphase 2

A

homologous chromosomes line up to begin separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

metaphase 1

A

sister chromatids line up to begin separation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

synapsis

A

loose pairing of homologous chromosomes during meiosis 1, and allows crossing over during prophase 1 and ensures match up of homologous chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

semiconservative dna replication

A

breaking apart the double helix of dna in order to get 2 parent strands to use as a template for the new dna strands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

transcription

A

converting dna into rna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

translation

A

converting rna into proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

enzyme/enzyme complex responsible for translation

A

ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

enzyme/enzyme complex responsible for reverse transcription

A

rna dependent dna polymerase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

euchromatin

A

loosely packed chromatin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterochromatin

A

chromatin densely packed in the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

pedigree analysis

A

determining if the person has a (increased) chance of certain diseases that develop later in life

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

promoter

A

dna sequence that rna polymerase attaches to in order to start translation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

which way is dna strand made

A

3’ to 5’

28
Q

which way is rna strand made

A

5’ to 3’

29
Q

G-Cap

A

the way pre mRNA molecules are altered at the 5’ end end in eukaryotes

30
Q

poly a- tail

A

eukaryotes pre mRNA molecules are altered at 3’ end (rna is make 3-5, poly tail modifies at the beginning)

31
Q

introns

A

non coding regions of mRNA transcript

32
Q

exons

A

coding regions of mRNA transcript

33
Q

RNA splicing

A

removes introns and joins extrons

34
Q

where does transcription occur in eukaryotes

A

nuclear envelope

35
Q

where does transcription occur in prokaryotes

A

everything happens in the cytoplasm in prokaryotes

36
Q

primary transcript

A

initial rna transcript from any gene prior to processing

37
Q

triplet code

A

non overlapping nucleotide code for amino acids. contains 3 polypeptides

38
Q

stop codes

A

UAA + UAG + UGA

39
Q

indicator codons

A

AUG

40
Q

reading frame

A

order of polypeptides to be produced

41
Q

rna polymerase

A

pries dna strands apart and hooks rna nucleotides together

42
Q

` dna polymerase

A

catalyzes elongation of new dna at replication fork. rate =500 nucleotides/second in bacteria and 50 nucleotides/second in humans

43
Q

primer

A

dna polymerase needs a primer in order to begin catalyzing

44
Q

helicase

A

uses energy (ATP) to break hydrogen bonds and separate the strand at the replication fork

45
Q

semi discontinuous model

A

new nucleotides are added (via dna polymerase) contunuously from 3’ to 5’ only (this is not the true way)

46
Q

leading strand

A

continuous synthetization of dna. moves ahead of the lagging strand

47
Q

okazaki fragments

A

only on the lagging strand. are joined together by dna ligase

48
Q

genetic counselling

A

identifying parents at risk of producing kids with genetic defects. higher in mothers over 35, and couples with recessive alleles

49
Q

gene

A

one specific protein that can be a part of a long strand of dna

50
Q

allele

A

variation among genes. two people can have the same gene but because they code for two different things, they are two different alleles.

51
Q

synapsis

A

homologous chromosomes line up gene by gene on top of each other to get ready for crossing over (only happens during meiosis)

52
Q

independent assortment

A

during meiosis chromosomes line up along the centrosome independent of each other and sort out independent of each other so they are in random order at the end of meiosis

53
Q

crossing over

A

only during prophase 1. created genetic variation by crossing genes over with one another

54
Q

random fertilization

A

any spend can fertilize any gene, creating genetic variation because one specific sperm does not always go for one specific ovum

55
Q

true breeding

A

plants that can pollenate themselves are true breeders because they are breeding the same offspring every time

56
Q

hybridization

A

crossing over two true breeding organisms, one being homozygous recessive and one homozygous dominant.

57
Q

dihybrid cross

A

crossing two organisms that have the same genes for two traits. (one gene dom=brown hair rec=blonde hair, other gene dom=brown eyes, rec=blue eyes)

58
Q

monohybrid cross

A

crossing two organisms both with only one gene.

59
Q

P generation

A

parent generation of offspring. parent generation is true breeding and has self pollenated

60
Q

F1 generation

A

p generations offspring after pollenating its self. the F1 generation will now also self pollenate (all heterozygous)

61
Q

F2 generation

A

F1 generations offspring after self pollenating itself. (25% homozygous dom, 50% heterozygous, 25% homozygous recessive)

62
Q

complete dominance

A

heterozygous individuals will show the same trait as homozygous recessive individuals. dominant trait will always show over recessive trait.

63
Q

incomplete dominance

A

the heterozygous individual will show a mix between dominant and recessive genes.

64
Q

codominance

A

both alleles of a gene will show their phenotypic trait. (like blood type)

65
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene can show more than one phenotypic trait (ex. one gene could show both eye color and hair color)

66
Q

epistasis

A

one gene can effect whether another gene can have phenotypic expression or not. (baldness gene would be epistatic towards brown hair gene because you cannot have both)

cells/genetics/evolution (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions