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Neuro > Lab Section 4 > Flashcards

Lab Section 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what is a radiculopathy?

A

damage to a spinal nerve, a dorsal root or a ventral root

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2
Q

what is a myotome and a dermatome?

A

a myotome is all of the muscles supplied by a spinal nerve and a dermatome is all of the skin supplied by a spinal nerve

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3
Q

what spinal segments contribute to the cervical plexus and what does it supply?

A

C1-4

the muscles and skin of the neck

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4
Q

what spinal segments contribute to the brachial plexus and what does it supply?

A

C4-T1

muscles and skin of the arm

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5
Q

what spinal segments contribute to the lumbar plexus and what does it supply?

A

L1-4

the inguinal region, the lower abdominal region and the anterior and middle compartments of the thigh

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6
Q

what spinal segments contribute to the sacral plexus and what does it supply?

A

L4-S4

the gluteal region, the posterior compartment of the thigh and the entire leg and foot

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7
Q

at what level does the spinal cord end? what does it continue as?

A

at L1

continues as the cauda equina

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8
Q

describe the divisions of the sciatic nerve.

A

sciatic nerve innervates the hamstrings before dividing into the tibial and common fibular nerves
the common fibular divides into the superficial and deep fibular nerves

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9
Q

what is the difference between a peripheral mononeuropathy and a plexopathy?

A

a peripheral neuropathy is of one peripheral nerve while a plexopathy may be more diffuse

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10
Q

under what conditions could an incomplete lesion of a peripheral nerve exist? what are the symptoms?

A

with a nerve entrapment

partial loss of sensation or pasesthesia and weakness of the muscles the nerve supplies

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11
Q

what would cause a radiculopathy and what is it associated with?

A

a herniated disc compressing the root

burning or tingling of the dermatome with reduced sensation and reduced strength of the muscle supplied by it

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12
Q

which disc herniations are most common?

A

C6, C7, L5 and S1 (lumbosacral far more common)

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13
Q

what test is helpful for diagnosis of nerve root compression in the lumbosacral region?

A

straight leg raising test or the crossed straight leg raising test because it results in traction of the nerve roots

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14
Q

decreased biceps reflex could be caused by which two radiculopathies? what differentiates them?

A

C5 and C6

C6 also has a decreased brachioradialis reflex

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15
Q

decreased triceps reflex is caused by which radiculopathy?

A

C7

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16
Q

a decreased patellar reflex comes with which radiculopathies? what other symptom is common?

A

L2-3

waddling gait

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17
Q

damage to L5 gives what positive sign?

A

The trendelenberg sign (patient lifts leg up and the hip sags)

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18
Q

loss of the achilles tendon reflex can point to which radiculopathy?

A

S1

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19
Q

what type of information is contained within the cell bodies of the intermediate gray area?

A

a mixture of sensory and motor neurons

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20
Q

what type of axons carry epicritic information and where do they enter the dorsal cell column?

A

large myelinated axons that enter medially within the dorcal funiculus

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21
Q

which large myelinated axons synapse onto the dorsal horn?

A

axons that inhibit pain signals

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22
Q

what type of axons carry protopathic information and how do they travel up the spinal cord?

A

small un myelinated (or with little)

ascend or descend in Lissauer’s tract a few segments and synapse on the dorsal horn contralaterally

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23
Q

which sensory neurons may project directly to motor neurons and why?

A

proprioceptive

because they contain information about muscle length and tension to govern reflexes

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24
Q

what are reflexes mediated by?

A

interneurons

25
Q

what is a motor nucleus?

A

motor nuclei that are located over one or more spinal segments. all innervate the same muscle

26
Q

which spinal levels contain the most gray matter?

A

C5-T1 (arm)

L3-S2 (leg)

27
Q

what type of motor nuclei project to the limb muscles? what do the other motor nuclei do?

A

lateral motor nuclei

medial motor nuclei innervate axial muscles

28
Q

what happens to the amount of white matter as you ascend the spinal cord?

A

it increases because of there are more axons from below

29
Q

what other horn is associated with the thoracic spine? what does it contain?

A

the intermediolateral horn

contains cell bodies from the preganglionic sympathetic neurons

30
Q

at what level can you find Clarke’s nucleus and where is it located?

A

in the thoracic spine (T5 or 6)

located on the medial aspect of the dorsal horn close to the central canal of the spine

31
Q

what are the three funiculi and where are they located?

A

dorsal- between the two dorsal horns
lateral- lateral to the gray matter (between the ventral and dorsal roots)
anterior- anterior to the two ventral roots

32
Q

damage to what two areas are necessary to eliminate epicritic sensation below a spinal level?

A

damage to the dorsal funiculus and the dorsal part of the lateral funiculus

33
Q

the anterolateral system is made up of what kind of axons?

A

spinoreticular, spinotectal and spinothalamic axons carrying protopathic information

34
Q

describe the touch information carried by the anterolateral system.

A

less discriminative (less discrete)

35
Q

what is dissociated sensory loss?

A

as a result of damage to the spinal cord, it is loss of sensation on one side of the body paired with loss of protopathic sensation on the other side of the body

36
Q

what information is carried by the spinocerebellar system? what fasciculus first carries it?

A

proprioceptive

at first are carried by the gracile and cuneate fasciculi

37
Q

axons from clarke’s nucleus gather into what? where do these axons end up going?

A

the dorsal spinocerebellar tract on the same side of the spine
end up going into the inferior cerebellar peduncle

38
Q

where does proprioceptive information from the top of the body synapse? where do they go from there?

A

in the accessory cuneate nucleus in the medulla

from there, they go to the inferior cerebellar peduncle

39
Q

what do corticospinal axons from the sensory cortex do and where do they synapse?

A

they modulate sensory input

synapse in the dorsal horn

40
Q

what percentage of the corticospinal tract does not cross in the medulla? what does it turn into?

A

10%

the ventral corticospinal tract (controling axial and proximal muscular movement to prepare for distal movement)

41
Q

which brainstem-spinal tracts are involved with distal and which with proximal motor control?

A

rubrospinal- distal

vestibulospinal, tectospinal and reticulospinal- proximal

42
Q

if paralysis is incomplete, which movements are more likely to survive and why?

A

axial and proximal limb movements because of more bilateral control from the tracts supporting them

43
Q

what type of innervation is the hypothalamo-reticulo-spinal pathway responsible for? what is its pathway?

A

sympathetic

axons from the hypothalamus> medullary reticular formation > HRST in spinal cord > intermediolateral cell column

44
Q

if a patient has Horner’s Syndrome, where could the damage be?

A

in the cervical sympathetic galgia, in the HRST above T1, or in the hypothalamus or medullary reticular formation

45
Q

why is there loss of muscle tone with sensory loss of a muscle?

A

because there is a disruption of spinal reflexes

46
Q

why does muscle death occur rapidly after denervation? does this occur in UMN disease?

A

because motor neurons have a trophic effect on muscle

no

47
Q

what is spinal shock?

A

when there is flaccid paralysis and hyporeflexia after an UMN injury (brain or spinal cord) immediately after injury. replaced by hypertonia and hyperreflexia

48
Q

what white matter structures can be seen on the sacral level of the spinal cord?

A

the gracile fasciculus, Lissauer’s Tract, the anterolateral system, the extrapyramidal tracts, the ventral corticospinal tract and the lateral corticospinal tract

49
Q

explain the difference between the sacral and lumbar levels of the spinal cord.

A

the dorsal and ventral horns (especially ventral) are widened due to the extra cell bodies for the lower limbs
there is now the rubrospinal tract nestled into the lateral corticospinal tract anteriorly

50
Q

what new structures can be found in the thoracic levels of the spinal cord?

A 
intermediolateral horn and the HRST (sympathetic)
Dorsal Spinocerebellar tract, clarke's nucleus (proprioception)
cuneate fasciculus (epicritic)
51
Q

describe the relationship between the cuneate and gracile fasciculus.

A

the cuneate is more lateral than the gracile fasciculus

52
Q

what has gone away from the spinal cord when moving from the thoracic sections to the cervical portion?

A

the intermediolateral cell column and clarke’s nucleus

53
Q

in what cord areas does the HRST exist?

A

in the cervical and thoracic spinal cord

54
Q

in what region does Lissauer’s tract disappear?

A

in the rostral cervical spine

55
Q

what structures appear for the first time in the rostral cervical spinal cord?

A

the spinal tract (transitioning into) and nucleus of CN V

56
Q

what major positional changes appear from the transition from caudal to rostral cervical spine? why?

A

the lateral corticospinal tract has switched places with the HRST in the nook between the dorsal and ventral horns
this is because the LCST is coming from the medial deccusation of the pyramids

57
Q

what does the dorsal horn turn into at the most caudal region of the cervical spine?

A

the spinal nucleus of V

58
Q

describe the blood supply to the spinal cord

A

anterior spinal artery supplies the ventral 2/3 of the spinal cord while the posterior supplies the dorsal

59
Q

if there is a clot in the anterior spinal artery in the spine, what are the symptoms?

A

paralysis and loss of protopathic sensation below the occlusion

Neuro (8 decks)

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