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Neuro > Lab Section 2 > Flashcards

Lab Section 2 Flashcards

1
Q

what structures comprise the basal ganglia?

A

the caudate, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra and subthalamic nucleus

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2
Q

what 7 structures are part of the limbic system?

A

anterior cingulate gyrus, orbital and medial prefrontal gyri, ventral parts of the basal ganglia, the hippocampus, the amygdala and parts of the thalamus that project to these regions

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3
Q

where is the choroid plexus located with regard to the lateral ventricles?

A

located lateral to the ventricles, following the “c” shape around from the anterior horn to the inferior horn

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4
Q

where are the foramina of luschka and megendie located?

A

leuschka: two foramina located on either side of the widest parts of the fourth ventricle laterally
megendie: one foramen at the tip of the diamond of the fourth ventricle; projecting out under the cerebellum

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5
Q

where does the cerebral aqueduct pass through?

A

through the midbrain anterior to the colliculi (tectum)

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6
Q

what structure forms the roof of the anterior horn and body of the lateral ventricles?

A

the corpus callosum

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7
Q

what structure forms the lateral border or “floor” of the anterior horn of the lateral ventricles?

A

the caudate nucleus

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8
Q

what structure forms a hollow on the ventral medial surface of the inferior horn?

A

the hippocampus

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9
Q

what are the lateral borders of the third ventricle?

A

the thalamus and hypothalamus (anteriorly)

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10
Q

what produces the hole in the third ventricle?

A

the interthalamic adhesion (massa intermedia)

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11
Q

where does the posterior horn extend to normally?

A

the calcarine sulcus

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12
Q

what structures surround the cerebral aqueduct?

A

posteriorly: tectum of the midbrain
anteriorly: tegmentum of the midbrain

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13
Q

describe the borders of the fourth ventricle.

A

the cerebellum lies posteriorly to the ventricle (posteriorly) and forms the “roof” while the tegmentum of the pons forms the floor of the ventricle anteriorly

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14
Q

what three specializations characterizes the endothelial cells of the blood brain barrier?

A

tight junctions between cells, high number of mitochondria and few endocytotic vesicles for intracellular transport

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15
Q

what three ways can entry into the brain be achieved?

A

diffusion of lipid soluble substances, facilitative and energy dependent transport of certain whater soluble substances and by ion channels

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16
Q

which cells contain reverse pumps to move hydrophobic molecules into the blood?

A

astroglia (have processes that encase brain capillaries

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17
Q

which whole cells can migrate across a healthy blood brain barrier?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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18
Q

which regions of the CNS do not contain a blood brain barrier?

A

areas that sense fluctuations in the blood to regulate them

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19
Q

what are three causes of breakdown of the blood brain barrier?

A

brain tumors, bacterial invasion and ischemia

20
Q

what is the mechanism of damage to the blood brain barrier in ischemia?

A

stroke damages the Na/K pumps and causes the cells to fill with water. this results in brain edema and increased intracranial pressure

21
Q

T or F: CSF steady state is the same as blood plasma

A

false

22
Q

describe the choroid plexus.

A

specialized capillary network surrounded by cuboidal or columnar epithelium

23
Q

after the fourth ventricle, where does the CSF go?

A

some of it travels down the central canal of the spinal cord

the rest exits the foramina of luschka and magendie

24
Q

where does the CSF flow outside of the ventricles? where does it end up going to?

A

in the subarachnoid space

ends up in the dural sinuses where the arachnoid villi absorb it

25
Q

where are common places for blockage to occur in obstructive hydrocephalus?

A

in the intraventricular foramen, the cerebral aqueduct or at the outlet of the fourth ventricle

26
Q

what is the pathology of communicating hydrocephalus?

A

there is no blockage of flow but there is disease in the arachnoid villi and absorption is limited

27
Q

what is papilledema and what is it caused by?

A

the retinal vessels are engorged and the optic nerve is dilated
caused by increased intracranial pressure

28
Q

what are 7 symptoms of increased intracranial pressure?

A

nausea, vomiting, decreased consciousness, headache, cognitive impairment, impaired vision and sixth nerve palsy

29
Q

why is the composition of CSF clinically significant?

A

different cellular components may be indicative of stroke or infection. Differing protein composition could result from blood brain barrier breakdown or immunoglobulins

30
Q

what are the three types of deep white matter tracts and what do they do?

A

association (between areas of same hemisphere) commissural (between homologous areas of both hemispheres)
projection (connect areas of cortex to lower areas of neuraxis)

31
Q

what are the four long association fiber tracts?

A

the superior longitudinal fasciculus (arcuate fasciculus), inferior longitudinal fasciculus, uncinate fasciculus and the cingulum

32
Q

what areas are connected by the superior longitudinal fasciculus and where is it located?

A

located deep to the lateral cortex, connects all of the lobes
notably connects broca’s motor speech area, werniche’s area and the auditory cortex

33
Q

where is the inferior longitudinal fasciculus located and what does it connect?

A

deep to the fusiform gyrus

connects the occipital lobe and temporal lobe

34
Q

where is the uncinate fasciculus located and what does it connect? what is it hypothesized to be involved with?

A

runs deep to the limen insulae (anterior border of the insula)
connects the frontal and temporal cortices
involved with memory representation of reward and punishment

35
Q

where is the cingulum and what does it connect? what is it hypothesized to be involved with?

A

runs deep to the cingulate gyrus
connects gyri of the limbic system (subcallosal, cingulate, parahippocampal and uncas)
may be involved in learning to avoid painful stimuli

36
Q

where is the hippocampal commissure located and what does it connect?

A

located between the splenium of the corpus callosum and the posterior part of the thalamus
where the fornices contact each other–interconnects the two hippocampi

37
Q

what areas does the posterior commissure connect and what is it involved with?

A

connects the two sides of the rostral midbrain

involved with the pupillary light reflex and is necessary to mediate upward gaze

38
Q

what are the projection fibers from the cerebral hemispheres called collectively?

A

the corona radiata

39
Q

what is the corona radiata called as it passes medially to the lenticulate nucleus?

A

the internal capsule

40
Q

where do many of the projection fibers go from the internal capsule?

A

to the crus cerebri

41
Q

what types of fibers are contained within the crus cerebri? where are they located in the internal capsule

A

corticospinal fibers, corticobulbar fibers and corticopontine fibers
mostly located in the posterior limb

42
Q

what is the pathway of corticopontine fibers?

A

they travel from the motor cortex to the pontine nuclei. These then project to the contralateral cerebellar hemisphere

43
Q

from the striatum, where does information project to?

A

to the globus pallidus that then sends information to the thalamus that projects to motor areas of the cortex

44
Q

at what level can you see the hypothalamus on the horizontal sections?

A

around the anterior commissure

45
Q

what happens to the caudate and the putamen once the anterior limb of the internal capsule disappears? what is the significance?

A

they merge and form the ventral striatum

this portion of the striatum receives info from the amygdala and is involved in emotion rather than motor control

Neuro (8 decks)

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