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mircobiology > Lab Results (introduction) > Flashcards

Lab Results (introduction) Flashcards

1
Q

Generally, laboratory tests should be ordered only if the
results of the test will affect decisions about the care of the
patient. True or false?

A

True

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2
Q

Where are mast cells only found?

A

Tissue (not in circulation)

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3
Q

B and T cells are responsible for innate immunity. True or false?

A

False. (They are responsible for adaptive immunity)

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4
Q

Relating to neutrophils, the shift from MP to CP due to stress, trauma, catecholamines, etc. is called —— ?

A

Pseudoneutrophilia - transient leukocytosis
(Note that these neutrophils are mature NOT band type -which appear to increase due to infections-)
وكمان ملاحظة قلنا انه pseudo لانه ما بزيد انتاج خلايا نيوتروفيلز انما بس بتنتقل من مكانها لمكان ثاني (ارتفاع كاذب)

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5
Q

Relating to neutrophils, ——— shift is seen as an increase in the number of bands and is common with acute infection.

A

Left shift

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6
Q

The shift of cells from CP to MP due to viral infections or hypothermia is called

A

Pseudoneutropenia
Note that certain types of viral infections are intracellular which cause the CP neutrophils to migrate to the peripheral walls and become MP.

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7
Q

Which type of WBC that play large role in ingesting cellular debris and become “activated” when direct contact with microorganisms occurs. Also play a role in immunity by releasing cytokines?

A

Macrophages (monocytes)

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8
Q

_____ lymphocytes are produced in the
bone marrow but also mature there. Meanwhile, precursors of ___ lymphocytes leave the bone marrow and mature in the thymus (which accounts for their designation)

A

B / T

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9
Q

B cells remains in the bone marrow and produce antibodies that work in the blood. True or false

A

True

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10
Q

Steroids increase the number of neutrophils and decrease the number of lymphocytes. True or false

A

True

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11
Q

The % neutrophils indicates ____________;
The total WBC reflects __________

A

severity of the infection / the quality of the immune system(prognosis)

ملاحظة لما يعطيني كيس كيف بنعرف انه infection؟ بكون حاط بالسؤال اسم انفكشن مثل pneumonia

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12
Q

If %neutrophils is 75% and band% is 1, this might be an indicator for:

A) pathologic neutrophilia
B) Pseudoneutropenia
C) Pseudoneutrophilia

A

C
Mature cells shift from MP to CP… bands elevate in infection

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13
Q

What are normal CSF values?

A

Normal CSF values
• • • • •
Clear color
< 5 RBC’s
< 5 WBC’s
Protein 23-38mg/dl (alt. 14-45)
Glucose - 60% of serum level (75-100)

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14
Q

During CSF assessment:
1. Increased WBC with PMN predominance may indicate for _____ . While an increase in WBC with lymphocytes predominance might indicate _____.

  1. If glucose levels in the csf sample was normal in a meningitis patient, the patient might be susceptible of having _____ infection
    If low ______
    If very low < 18% it is a strong indication of ______
A
  1. Bacterial meningitis/ viral vs. fungal vs. TB vs. malignancy
  2. Viral infection
    Bacterial meningitis or TB or fungal
    Bacterial meningitis
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15
Q

بدون جواب بس للحفظ

Comparing typical bacterial meningitis to typical viral meningitis related percentages in CSF tests:

CSF WBC : <250 in viral and >1000 in bacterial (both are elevated)

CSF Proteins : <150 in viral and > 500 bacterial (both elevated)

CSF Glucose : normal in viral and <45 bacterial (decrease in bacterial)

A

Bonus :)

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16
Q

What are common causes of Bacterial meningitis in 3 or less year olds?

A

Listeria monocytogenes
Escherichia coli
Streptococcus agalactia (most commom cause in neonates)

Note that E. Coli and S. agalactia are transmitted through the vagina of the mother commonly

17
Q

Which is the most suitable agar for culturing each of the following:

Gram-negative bacteria : _________
Nesseria: _______
Differentiating S. agalactia from S. pneumonia: _______

A

Macconkey agar
Chocolate agar
Blood agar

Note: If there is a bacteria that doesn’t make colonies in Macconkey agar- > grams positive bacteria

18
Q

the urine collection method that contains the highest numbers of bacteria?

A

first-voided method (morning urine optimal)
لما نوخد عينة بول الصبح بتكون كمية البكتيريا كبيرة لانو صارلها طول الليل بتعمل proliferation

19
Q

most common and ideal method for urine collection?

A

midstream urine specimens
we do not take the first part of urine that comes out which contains urethral commensals

its the best because it avoids contamination of the sample

20
Q

in indwelling catheter method, urine is collected by ___
and its not allowed to be collected from ___

A
  1. needle inserted directly into catheter
  2. catheter tips
21
Q

when do we use the suprapubic method of urine collection?
(اللي هي انو نسحب البول بابرة من الbladder مباشرة)

A

used for infants and children

22
Q

whats the normal count of bacteria in urine when collected by suprapubic method?

A

NO COUNT IS NORMAL
bladder is normally sterile so any small count of bacteria ➡️ positive test

23
Q

types of urine analysis?

A

− Macroscopic Examination
– Microscopic Examination
− Chemical Analysis (Urine Dipstick)
− Culture
− Cytological Examination

24
Q

most important indicators that are analyzed by urine dipstick?

A

pH
Nitrite
Leukocyte esterase

25
Q

reference range of urine pH?

A

4.5-8

26
Q

at high H+ conc in the urine (low pH), H+ interacts with ___
whereas at low H+ conc (high pH), H+ interacts with ___

A

methyl red
bromthymol blue
called dual indicator system

27
Q

significance of urine pH detection?
يعني اذا كان الpH للبول حمضي كثير او قاعدي كثير ع شو ممكن يدلنا هاد الاشي؟

A

acidic (<4.5): metabolic acidosis, high protein diet
alkaline (>8): renal tubular acidosis

28
Q

limitations of urine pH detection?

A

1) interference by bacterial overgrowth
2) run over effect of protein pad on pH pad
توضيح النقطة التانية: بالdipstick بكون الpH indicator فوق الprotein indicator فممكن يحلوا ع بعض ويتغير اللون وبتطلع عندي نتيجة غلط

29
Q

other tests to determine urine pH?
غير الdipstick

A
  • Titrable acidity
  • Blood gases to determine acid-base status
30
Q

if urine analysis results are nitrite +
the type of bacteria present is most likely ____

A

gram negative (Enterobacteriaceae)

31
Q

bacteria that reduce nitrate to nitrite?

A

gram negative bacteria

32
Q

significance of leukocyte estrase test on dipstick?
اذا كان positive ع شو بدلني؟

A

WBCs are active
- Pyuria
- Acute inflammation
- Renal calculus

33
Q

in microscopic examination
what are the abnormal findings in HPF 400x?

A

— (> 3 erythrocytes)
— (> 5 leukocytes)
— (> 2 renal tubular cells)
— (> 10 bacteria)

34
Q

in microscopic examination
what are the abnormal findings in LPF 200x?

A

(>3 hyaline casts or > 1 granular cast)
(>10 squamous cells) ➡️ indicative of contaminated specimen
Any other cast (RBCs, WBCs)

35
Q

other abnormal findings in microscopic analysis
Presence of:
– Fungal hyphae or yeast, parasite, viral inclusions
– Pathological crystals (cystine, leucine, tyrosine)
– Large number of uric acid or calcium oxalate crystals
مش سؤال بس للتذكير

A

:)

36
Q

colony counting in urine
count of 100, 000 CFU/ml ➡️ positive
count between 10, 000 – 100, 000 CFU/ml ➡️ suspected.
count <10, 000 CFU/ml ➡️ negative
برضو تذكير

A

:0

37
Q

which colony count is considered significant in the case of catheterized urine collection?

A

plate count >=1000 CFU/ml

38
Q

which colony count is considered significant in the case of voided urine specimen?

A

plate count >=105
كمان ملاحظة انو حتى لو الكاونت اقل من هيك بس نوعهم باثوجين خطير زي ال N. gonorrhoeae مثلا برضو بعتبر التست positive

mircobiology (3 decks)

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