chapter21 Flashcards
1
Q
name examples of normal microbiota of the skin?
A
Gram positive bacteria:
cutibacterium acnes
corynebacterium xerosis
Yeast:
malassezia furfur
2
Q
does cutibacterium acnes require oxygen?
A
No it’s anaerobic
3
Q
does corynebacterium xerosis require oxygen?
A
yes its aerobic
4
Q
what bacteria of the skin microbiota produces acids to maintain low skin pH?
A
cutibacterium acnes
5
Q
small fluid filled lesions are….
A
vesicles
6
Q
flat reddened lesions are…
A
macules
7
Q
vesicles larger than 1cm in diameter are called….
A
bullae
8
Q
skin rash raising from a disease is called?
A
exanthem
9
Q
rash on mucous membranes due to a disease is called?
A
enanthem
10
Q
raised lesions are called?
A
papules
11
Q
raised lesions with pus?
A
pastules
12
Q
whats the enzyme used for identification of certain types of staphylococci?
A
coagulase
13
Q
enzyme that clots fibrin in the blood?
A
coagulase
14
Q
name a coagulase negative staphylococci?
A
staphylococcus epidermidis
15
Q
90% of skin microbiota is….?
A
staphylococcus epidermidis
16
Q
name a coagulase positive bacteria of skin microbiota?
A
S. aureus
17
Q
name 2 special strains of s. aureus
A
MRSA (methicillin resistant) which is also antibiotic resistant
VRSA (vancomycin resistant)
18
Q
skin bacteria that could cause sepsis?
A
s. aureus
19
Q
Name all seven staphylococcal skin infections?
A
folliculitis
sty
furuncle (boil)
carbuncule
nonbullous impetigo
scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome
20
Q
infection of hair follicles is called
A
folliculitis
21
Q
crusting sores of the skin spread by autoinculcation is called?
A
impetigo
22
Q
localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue which is also a type of abscess is called?
A
furuncle
23
Q
folliculitis of eyelashes
A
sty
24
Q
a spreading furuncle which causes inflammation and damage to deep tissue is called
A
carbuncle
25
major pyogenic skin infections?
furuncle and carbuncle
26
minor skin infection?
folliculitis and boil
27
bullous impetigo is also called
scalded skin syndrome
28
impetigo of the newborn is also called
pemphigus neonatorum
29
what causes exfoliation of the skin in scalded skin syndrome
toxin B
30
fever, vomiting, shock and organ failure are all symptoms of
toxic shock syndrome
31
which toxin causes fever, vomiting, shock and organ failure if present in bloodstream?
TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1)
32
streptococci are gram....
positive
33
a substance produced by streptococci and causes RBC lysis?
hemolysins
34
which type of streptococci often causes disease?
beta hemolytic streptococci
35
streptococci are differentiated into groups A-T based on....
Antigenic cell wall carbohydrates
36
Group A streptococci (GAS) are also called?
streptococcus pyogenes
37
how many types does GAS include
80 immunological types
38
Name all virulence factors in streptococcus pyogenes
streptolysins
M protein
hyaluronidase
streptokinase
39
part of s. pyogenes that dissolves connective tissue?
hyaluronidase
40
...... is external to the s. pyogenes cell wall and allows adherence and immune system avoidance
M protein
41
lyses blood CLOTS
streptokinase
42
lyses RBCs
streptolysins
43
give examples of streptococcal skin infections?
erysipelas
necrotizing fasciitis
streptococcal toxic shock
44
what bacteria causes erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis?
S. pyogenes
45
what part of skin does s. pyogenes infect in erysipelas?
the dermal layer
46
local tissue destruction and sepsis are signs of?
erysipelas
47
flesh eating disease that causes rapid tissue destruction ?
necrotizing fasciitis
48
the superantigen that causes necrotizing fasciitis
Exotoxin A produced by S. pyogenes
49
does pseudomonas aeruginosa require oxygen?
yes its aerobic
50
pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram....
negative
51
pseudomonas aeruginosa is ... shaped
rod
52
the substance produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa and produces blue green pus is called...
pyocyanin
53
what types of toxins are produced by P. aeruginosa
endotoxins and exotoxins
54
name 2 disease caused by P. aeruginosa
otitis externa
pseudomonas dermatitis
55
self limiting rash usually acquired by swimming pools is called
pseudomonas dermatitis
56
swimmer's ear caused by P. aeruginosa is also called
otitis externa
57
pseudomonads are ..... pathogens in burn patients
opportunistic
58
buruli ulcers are caused by
mycobacterium ulcerans
59
toxin produced by mycobacterium ulcerans and enters via a break of the skin or an insect bite
mycolactone
60
deep damaging ulcers that may require amputation are called
buruli ulcers
61
buruli ulcers are primarily found in
western and central africa
62
most common skin disease in humans
Acne
63
what process develops acne?
when skin cells shed in high numbers and combine with sebum
which clogs the follicles
64
whiteheads form because of .... accumulation
sebum
65
when the blockage protrudes through the skin its called a
black head
66
the dark color of blackheads is due to...
lipid oxidation
67
what are the 3 main types of acne from the least to most severe
comedonal acne
inflammatory acne
nodular cystic acne
68
inflammatory acne is caused by...
propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)
69
how does P. acnes cause inflammatory acne
P. acnes metabolizes sebum and produces fatty acids which produce an inflammatory response
70
treatment of inflammatory acne includes
benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics
71
inflamed lesions with pus deep in the skin are signs of .... acne
nodular cystic (severe)
72
give examples of VIRAL skin infections
warts
smallpox
chickenpox
shingles
herpes simplex
measles
73
warts are also called
papillomas, which are small skin growths
74
warts are transmitted via
direct contact
75
the virus causes warts is called
papillomavirus
76
which types of human papillomavirus can cause skin and cervical cancer
HPV 16
HPV 18
77
treatment of warts includes
cryotherapy (cold liquid nitrogen)
electrodesiccation (drying with electrical current)
burning with salicylic acid
78
smallpox (variola) is caused by.....
orthropoxvirus
79
what are the 2 forms of of variola
variola major (20-60% mortality)
variola minor (<1% mortality)
80
how is smallpox transmitted?
via the respiratory route
moves into the bloodstream and infects cells
81
monkeypox is prevented by
smallpox vaccine
82
the virus causing chickenpox is called
herpesvirus varicella zoster
83
varicella zoster is transmitted via
respiratory route
84
whats the appearance of chickenpox?
pus filled vesicles
85
severe complication of chickenpox that causes vomiting and brain dysfunction is called
reye's syndrome
86
use of ... increases the risk of reye's syndrome
Aspirin
87
herpesvirus varicella zoster becomes latent in....
central nerve ganglia
88
herpesvirus varicella zoster becomes indefinitely latent in
dorsal root ganglion
89
shingles (herpes zoster) is caused by?
reactivation of latent herpesvirus varicella zoster that moves along peripheral nerves to the skin and then affects cutaneous sensory nerves
90
varicella zoster is reactivated due to
stress or lowered immunity
91
complications of shingles include
Post-herpetic neuralgia
92
shingles can be prevented by
zoster vaccine
93
herpes simplex is caused by
human herpesvirus 1 and 2
HSV1 and HSV2
94
HSV-1 is primarily spread by...
oral or respiratory route
95
HSV-2 is primarily spread...
sexually
96
signs of infection with HSV-1 include...
fever blisters and cold sores
97
HSV-1 remains latent in ...
trigeminal nerve ganglia
98
HSV-2 remains latent in ...
sacral nerve ganglia near the spine
99
outbreaks of HSV-1 could be triggered by..
sun, hormonal changes or stress
100
pregnant women with HSV-2 should deliver by...
caesarean
101
vesicles on the skin caused by herpesvirus are called
herpes gladiatorum
102
vesicles on the fingers caused by human herpesvirus HSV are called
herpetic whitlow
103
the case in which HSV spreads to the brain is called
herpes encephalitis
104
measles (rubeola) is transmitted by...
respiratory route
105
macular rash and cold like symptoms are signs of infections with...
measles
106
Koplik’s spots are...
red spots in the oral mucosa opposite the molars and caused by measles
107
a rare complication of measles that occurs 1-10 years after recovery is called...
subacute sclerosisng panencephalitis
108
vaccine that prevents measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is called?
MMR vacine (measles, mumps, rubella)
109
rubella or german measles is caused by
rubella virus
110
rubella is transmitted by...
respiratory route
111
symptoms of rubella include
light fever and macular rash
112
incubation time for rubella?
2-3 weeks
113
signs of congenital rubella syndrome include
heart defects, mental retardation, fetal damage and deafness
114
rubella is prevented by
MMR vaccine
115
which people cant receive the MMR vaccine?
children under 1 year old
pregnant women
116
slapped cheek facial rash is a sign of?
erythema infectiosum
117
erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) is caused by
human parvovirus B19
118
roseola is caused by
human herpesvirus 6 and 7
119
symptoms of roseola include
high fever and body rash
120
how long does it take to recover from roseola?
1-2 days
121
enterovirus can cause a disease called...
hand foot and mouth disease
122
hand foot and mouth disease is spread by..
mucous and saliva usually in children
123
fungal infection in th body is called
mycosis
124
fungal infection that affects outer epidermis of skin, hair and nails is callee?
cutaneous mycoses
125
cutaneous mycoses are caused by
fungi that metabolize keratin
126
dermatomycosis are informally known as
ringworms or tineas
127
scalp ringworm is called
tinea capitis
128
atheletes foot is called
tinea pedis
129
ringworm of nails is called
tinea unguium
130
tinea cruris is called
jock itch
131
name three genera of fungi that cause cutaneous mycoses
epidermophyton
trichophyton
microsporum
132
subcutaneous mycoses penetrate which layer of the skin?
stratum corneum
133
what type of infection does fungi that inhabit the soil usually cause
subcutaneous mycoses
134
sporotrichosis is a type of .... mycoses
subcutaneous
135
what fungus causes sporotrichosis?
sporothrix schenkii (dimorphic)
136
overgrowth of C. albicans is called
candidiasis
137
structure that makes C. albicans resistant to phagocytosis
pseudohyphae
138
where does candidiasis mostly occur ?
mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract and mouth
skin
139
form of candidiasis that affects newborns?
thrush: whitish overgrowth in the oral cavity
140
give examples of parasitic infections of the skin?
scabies الجرب
pediculosis القمل
141
the parasite that causes scabies is called...
sarcoptes scabiei mites
142
sarcoptes scabiei mites are transmitted via...
intimate contact
143
describe the appearance of scabies?
inflammatory skin lesions caused by the parasites laying eggs in the skin
144
what are the two parasites that cause pediculosis?
pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) P. h. capitis
pediculus humanus corporis (body lice) P. h. corporis
145
give examples of microbial diseases of the eye?
conjunctivitis
ophthalmia neonatorum
inclusion conjunctivitis
trachoma
keratitis
146
pink eye / red eye are possibly caused by?
conjunctivitis (inflammation of eye membrane)
147
what do you know about haemophilus influenzae?
it causes conjunctivitis
its **not** connected to influenza infections
148
name all microbes that can cause conjunctivitis?
haemophilus influenzae
pseudomonads associated with unsanitary contact lenses
adenoviruses
149
ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by?
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
150
describe the symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum
large amounts of pus, ulcers of the cornea
151
Chlamydia trachomatis can cause different diseases in the eye, name two of them
inclusion conjunctivitis
trachoma
152
name two diseases that can be transmitted to newborns eyes from the birth canal?
ophthalmia neonatorum
inclusion conjunctivitis
153
chalmydia trachomatis in the case of trachoma is transmitted by?
hand contact or flies
154
describe the results of trachoma in the eye?
permanent scarring of corneas
possibly blindness
155
inflammation of the cornea is called
keratitis
156
keratitis can be caused by
bacteria in the USA
fungi (fusarium and aspergillus) in Africa and Asia
157
herptic keratitis is caused by
HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus 1)
158
a virus that can cause a skin and an eye infection?
herpes simplex virus 1
159
acanthamoeba keratitis is caused by
ameba transmitted via water and soil
160
unsanitary contact lenses can cause 2 different eye infections which are
conjunctivitis
acanthamoeba keratitis
