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chapter21 Flashcards

1
Q

name examples of normal microbiota of the skin?

A

Gram positive bacteria:
cutibacterium acnes
corynebacterium xerosis

Yeast:
malassezia furfur

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2
Q

does cutibacterium acnes require oxygen?

A

No it’s anaerobic

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3
Q

does corynebacterium xerosis require oxygen?

A

yes its aerobic

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4
Q

what bacteria of the skin microbiota produces acids to maintain low skin pH?

A

cutibacterium acnes

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5
Q

small fluid filled lesions are….

A

vesicles

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6
Q

flat reddened lesions are…

A

macules

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7
Q

vesicles larger than 1cm in diameter are called….

A

bullae

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8
Q

skin rash raising from a disease is called?

A

exanthem

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9
Q

rash on mucous membranes due to a disease is called?

A

enanthem

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10
Q

raised lesions are called?

A

papules

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11
Q

raised lesions with pus?

A

pastules

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12
Q

whats the enzyme used for identification of certain types of staphylococci?

A

coagulase

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13
Q

enzyme that clots fibrin in the blood?

A

coagulase

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14
Q

name a coagulase negative staphylococci?

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

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15
Q

90% of skin microbiota is….?

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

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16
Q

name a coagulase positive bacteria of skin microbiota?

A

S. aureus

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17
Q

name 2 special strains of s. aureus

A

MRSA (methicillin resistant) which is also antibiotic resistant
VRSA (vancomycin resistant)

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18
Q

skin bacteria that could cause sepsis?

A

s. aureus

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19
Q

Name all seven staphylococcal skin infections?

A

folliculitis
sty
furuncle (boil)
carbuncule
nonbullous impetigo
scalded skin syndrome
toxic shock syndrome

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20
Q

infection of hair follicles is called

A

folliculitis

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21
Q

crusting sores of the skin spread by autoinculcation is called?

A

impetigo

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22
Q

localized region of pus surrounded by inflamed tissue which is also a type of abscess is called?

A

furuncle

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23
Q

folliculitis of eyelashes

A

sty

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24
Q

a spreading furuncle which causes inflammation and damage to deep tissue is called

A

carbuncle

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25
Q

major pyogenic skin infections?

A

furuncle and carbuncle

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26
Q

minor skin infection?

A

folliculitis and boil

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27
Q

bullous impetigo is also called

A

scalded skin syndrome

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28
Q

impetigo of the newborn is also called

A

pemphigus neonatorum

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29
Q

what causes exfoliation of the skin in scalded skin syndrome

A

toxin B

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30
Q

fever, vomiting, shock and organ failure are all symptoms of

A

toxic shock syndrome

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31
Q

which toxin causes fever, vomiting, shock and organ failure if present in bloodstream?

A

TSST-1 (toxic shock syndrome toxin 1)

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32
Q

streptococci are gram….

A

positive

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33
Q

a substance produced by streptococci and causes RBC lysis?

A

hemolysins

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34
Q

which type of streptococci often causes disease?

A

beta hemolytic streptococci

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35
Q

streptococci are differentiated into groups A-T based on….

A

Antigenic cell wall carbohydrates

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36
Q

Group A streptococci (GAS) are also called?

A

streptococcus pyogenes

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37
Q

how many types does GAS include

A

80 immunological types

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38
Q

Name all virulence factors in streptococcus pyogenes

A

streptolysins
M protein
hyaluronidase
streptokinase

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39
Q

part of s. pyogenes that dissolves connective tissue?

A

hyaluronidase

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40
Q

…… is external to the s. pyogenes cell wall and allows adherence and immune system avoidance

A

M protein

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41
Q

lyses blood CLOTS

A

streptokinase

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42
Q

lyses RBCs

A

streptolysins

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43
Q

give examples of streptococcal skin infections?

A

erysipelas
necrotizing fasciitis
streptococcal toxic shock

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44
Q

what bacteria causes erysipelas and necrotizing fasciitis?

A

S. pyogenes

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45
Q

what part of skin does s. pyogenes infect in erysipelas?

A

the dermal layer

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46
Q

local tissue destruction and sepsis are signs of?

A

erysipelas

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47
Q

flesh eating disease that causes rapid tissue destruction ?

A

necrotizing fasciitis

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48
Q

the superantigen that causes necrotizing fasciitis

A

Exotoxin A produced by S. pyogenes

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49
Q

does pseudomonas aeruginosa require oxygen?

A

yes its aerobic

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50
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram….

A

negative

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51
Q

pseudomonas aeruginosa is … shaped

A

rod

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52
Q

the substance produced by pseudomonas aeruginosa and produces blue green pus is called…

A

pyocyanin

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53
Q

what types of toxins are produced by P. aeruginosa

A

endotoxins and exotoxins

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54
Q

name 2 disease caused by P. aeruginosa

A

otitis externa
pseudomonas dermatitis

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55
Q

self limiting rash usually acquired by swimming pools is called

A

pseudomonas dermatitis

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56
Q

swimmer’s ear caused by P. aeruginosa is also called

A

otitis externa

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57
Q

pseudomonads are ….. pathogens in burn patients

A

opportunistic

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58
Q

buruli ulcers are caused by

A

mycobacterium ulcerans

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59
Q

toxin produced by mycobacterium ulcerans and enters via a break of the skin or an insect bite

A

mycolactone

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60
Q

deep damaging ulcers that may require amputation are called

A

buruli ulcers

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61
Q

buruli ulcers are primarily found in

A

western and central africa

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62
Q

most common skin disease in humans

A

Acne

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63
Q

what process develops acne?

A

when skin cells shed in high numbers and combine with sebum
which clogs the follicles

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64
Q

whiteheads form because of …. accumulation

A

sebum

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65
Q

when the blockage protrudes through the skin its called a

A

black head

66
Q

the dark color of blackheads is due to…

A

lipid oxidation

67
Q

what are the 3 main types of acne from the least to most severe

A

comedonal acne
inflammatory acne
nodular cystic acne

68
Q

inflammatory acne is caused by…

A

propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes)

69
Q

how does P. acnes cause inflammatory acne

A

P. acnes metabolizes sebum and produces fatty acids which produce an inflammatory response

70
Q

treatment of inflammatory acne includes

A

benzoyl peroxide and antibiotics

71
Q

inflamed lesions with pus deep in the skin are signs of …. acne

A

nodular cystic (severe)

72
Q

give examples of VIRAL skin infections

A

warts
smallpox
chickenpox
shingles
herpes simplex
measles

73
Q

warts are also called

A

papillomas, which are small skin growths

74
Q

warts are transmitted via

A

direct contact

75
Q

the virus causes warts is called

A

papillomavirus

76
Q

which types of human papillomavirus can cause skin and cervical cancer

A

HPV 16
HPV 18

77
Q

treatment of warts includes

A

cryotherapy (cold liquid nitrogen)
electrodesiccation (drying with electrical current)
burning with salicylic acid

78
Q

smallpox (variola) is caused by…..

A

orthropoxvirus

79
Q

what are the 2 forms of of variola

A

variola major (20-60% mortality)
variola minor (<1% mortality)

80
Q

how is smallpox transmitted?

A

via the respiratory route
moves into the bloodstream and infects cells

81
Q

monkeypox is prevented by

A

smallpox vaccine

82
Q

the virus causing chickenpox is called

A

herpesvirus varicella zoster

83
Q

varicella zoster is transmitted via

A

respiratory route

84
Q

whats the appearance of chickenpox?

A

pus filled vesicles

85
Q

severe complication of chickenpox that causes vomiting and brain dysfunction is called

A

reye’s syndrome

86
Q

use of … increases the risk of reye’s syndrome

87
Q

herpesvirus varicella zoster becomes latent in….

A

central nerve ganglia

88
Q

herpesvirus varicella zoster becomes indefinitely latent in

A

dorsal root ganglion

89
Q

shingles (herpes zoster) is caused by?

A

reactivation of latent herpesvirus varicella zoster that moves along peripheral nerves to the skin and then affects cutaneous sensory nerves

90
Q

varicella zoster is reactivated due to

A

stress or lowered immunity

91
Q

complications of shingles include

A

Post-herpetic neuralgia

92
Q

shingles can be prevented by

A

zoster vaccine

93
Q

herpes simplex is caused by

A

human herpesvirus 1 and 2
HSV1 and HSV2

94
Q

HSV-1 is primarily spread by…

A

oral or respiratory route

95
Q

HSV-2 is primarily spread…

96
Q

signs of infection with HSV-1 include…

A

fever blisters and cold sores

97
Q

HSV-1 remains latent in …

A

trigeminal nerve ganglia

98
Q

HSV-2 remains latent in …

A

sacral nerve ganglia near the spine

99
Q

outbreaks of HSV-1 could be triggered by..

A

sun, hormonal changes or stress

100
Q

pregnant women with HSV-2 should deliver by…

101
Q

vesicles on the skin caused by herpesvirus are called

A

herpes gladiatorum

102
Q

vesicles on the fingers caused by human herpesvirus HSV are called

A

herpetic whitlow

103
Q

the case in which HSV spreads to the brain is called

A

herpes encephalitis

104
Q

measles (rubeola) is transmitted by…

A

respiratory route

105
Q

macular rash and cold like symptoms are signs of infections with…

106
Q

Koplik’s spots are…

A

red spots in the oral mucosa opposite the molars and caused by measles

107
Q

a rare complication of measles that occurs 1-10 years after recovery is called…

A

subacute sclerosisng panencephalitis

108
Q

vaccine that prevents measles and subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is called?

A

MMR vacine (measles, mumps, rubella)

109
Q

rubella or german measles is caused by

A

rubella virus

110
Q

rubella is transmitted by…

A

respiratory route

111
Q

symptoms of rubella include

A

light fever and macular rash

112
Q

incubation time for rubella?

113
Q

signs of congenital rubella syndrome include

A

heart defects, mental retardation, fetal damage and deafness

114
Q

rubella is prevented by

A

MMR vaccine

115
Q

which people cant receive the MMR vaccine?

A

children under 1 year old
pregnant women

116
Q

slapped cheek facial rash is a sign of?

A

erythema infectiosum

117
Q

erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) is caused by

A

human parvovirus B19

118
Q

roseola is caused by

A

human herpesvirus 6 and 7

119
Q

symptoms of roseola include

A

high fever and body rash

120
Q

how long does it take to recover from roseola?

121
Q

enterovirus can cause a disease called…

A

hand foot and mouth disease

122
Q

hand foot and mouth disease is spread by..

A

mucous and saliva usually in children

123
Q

fungal infection in th body is called

124
Q

fungal infection that affects outer epidermis of skin, hair and nails is callee?

A

cutaneous mycoses

125
Q

cutaneous mycoses are caused by

A

fungi that metabolize keratin

126
Q

dermatomycosis are informally known as

A

ringworms or tineas

127
Q

scalp ringworm is called

A

tinea capitis

128
Q

atheletes foot is called

A

tinea pedis

129
Q

ringworm of nails is called

A

tinea unguium

130
Q

tinea cruris is called

131
Q

name three genera of fungi that cause cutaneous mycoses

A

epidermophyton
trichophyton
microsporum

132
Q

subcutaneous mycoses penetrate which layer of the skin?

A

stratum corneum

133
Q

what type of infection does fungi that inhabit the soil usually cause

A

subcutaneous mycoses

134
Q

sporotrichosis is a type of …. mycoses

A

subcutaneous

135
Q

what fungus causes sporotrichosis?

A

sporothrix schenkii (dimorphic)

136
Q

overgrowth of C. albicans is called

A

candidiasis

137
Q

structure that makes C. albicans resistant to phagocytosis

A

pseudohyphae

138
Q

where does candidiasis mostly occur ?

A

mucous membranes of the genitourinary tract and mouth
skin

139
Q

form of candidiasis that affects newborns?

A

thrush: whitish overgrowth in the oral cavity

140
Q

give examples of parasitic infections of the skin?

A

scabies الجرب
pediculosis القمل

141
Q

the parasite that causes scabies is called…

A

sarcoptes scabiei mites

142
Q

sarcoptes scabiei mites are transmitted via…

A

intimate contact

143
Q

describe the appearance of scabies?

A

inflammatory skin lesions caused by the parasites laying eggs in the skin

144
Q

what are the two parasites that cause pediculosis?

A

pediculus humanus capitis (head lice) P. h. capitis
pediculus humanus corporis (body lice) P. h. corporis

145
Q

give examples of microbial diseases of the eye?

A

conjunctivitis
ophthalmia neonatorum
inclusion conjunctivitis
trachoma
keratitis

146
Q

pink eye / red eye are possibly caused by?

A

conjunctivitis (inflammation of eye membrane)

147
Q

what do you know about haemophilus influenzae?

A

it causes conjunctivitis
its not connected to influenza infections

148
Q

name all microbes that can cause conjunctivitis?

A

haemophilus influenzae
pseudomonads associated with unsanitary contact lenses
adenoviruses

149
Q

ophthalmia neonatorum is caused by?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoeae

150
Q

describe the symptoms of ophthalmia neonatorum

A

large amounts of pus, ulcers of the cornea

151
Q

Chlamydia trachomatis can cause different diseases in the eye, name two of them

A

inclusion conjunctivitis
trachoma

152
Q

name two diseases that can be transmitted to newborns eyes from the birth canal?

A

ophthalmia neonatorum
inclusion conjunctivitis

153
Q

chalmydia trachomatis in the case of trachoma is transmitted by?

A

hand contact or flies

154
Q

describe the results of trachoma in the eye?

A

permanent scarring of corneas
possibly blindness

155
Q

inflammation of the cornea is called

156
Q

keratitis can be caused by

A

bacteria in the USA
fungi (fusarium and aspergillus) in Africa and Asia

157
Q

herptic keratitis is caused by

A

HSV-1 (herpes simplex virus 1)

158
Q

a virus that can cause a skin and an eye infection?

A

herpes simplex virus 1

159
Q

acanthamoeba keratitis is caused by

A

ameba transmitted via water and soil

160
Q

unsanitary contact lenses can cause 2 different eye infections which are

A

conjunctivitis
acanthamoeba keratitis

mircobiology (3 decks)

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