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chapter22 Flashcards

1
Q

define meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges

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2
Q

define encephalitis

A

inflammation of the brain

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3
Q

define meningoencephalitis

A

inflammation of both meninges and the brain

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4
Q

initial symptoms of meningitis include?

A

fever, headache and stiff neck
nausea and vomiting usually follow

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5
Q

what are the types of pathogens that could cause meningitis

A

viruses, bacteria, protozoa and fungi

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6
Q

most common cause of meningitis?

A

viruses

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7
Q

the mild type of meningitis is?

A

viral meningitis

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8
Q

haemophilus influenzae is gram…

A

negative

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9
Q

does haemophilus influenzae require oxygen?

A

yes its aerobic

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10
Q

name a bacteria of the normal throat microbiota

A

haemophilus influenzae

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11
Q

pathogenicity of haemophilus influenzae is due to

A

capsule antigen type B

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12
Q

H. influenzae meningitis is prevented by

A

the Hib vaccine

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13
Q

whats the most prevalent type of bacterial meningitis ?

A

Haemophilus influenzae meningitis

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14
Q

most people affected with H. influenzae meningitis are of age….

A

6 months to 4 years

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15
Q

does Neisseria meningitidis require oxygen?

A

yes its aerobic

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16
Q

Neisseria meningitidis is gram…

A

negative

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17
Q

describe the shape of Neisseria meningitidis

A

diplococcus with a capsule

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18
Q

how many serotypes associated with meningitis does Neisseria meningitidis have?

A

6 serotypes

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19
Q

Neisseria meningitidis meningitis is also called?

A

meningococcal meningitis

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20
Q

vaccination for Neisseria meningitidis meningitis protects from all serotypes except

A

Serotype X

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21
Q

Neisseria meningitidis meningitis initial symptoms include

A

rash, bacteremia and throat infection

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22
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae Meningitis is also called

A

pneumococcal meningitis

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23
Q

S. pneumoniae is gram…

A

positive

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24
Q

describe the shape of S. pneumoniae

A

encapsulated diplocooccus

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25
Q

S. pneumoniae causes other diseases including

A

otits media
pneumonia

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26
Q

S. pneumoniae Meningitis is prevented by

A

conjugated vaccine

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27
Q

70% of people with S. pneumoniae are

A

healthy nasopharyngeal carriers

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28
Q

how do you diagnose a case of bacterial meningitis?

A

by taking a sample of CSF obtained by a spinal tap or lumbar puncture

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29
Q

how do you stain a sample of CSF

A

a single gram stain is often useful to identify the pathogen with considerable reliability

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30
Q

when is chemotherapy of suspected cases of bacterial meningitis usually initiated?

A

before identification of the pathogen is complete

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31
Q

whats the first choice of antibiotics for bacterial meningitis?

A

Broad-spectrum third-generation cephalosporins

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32
Q

Listeriosis is caused by the bacterium…

A

Listeria monocytogenes

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33
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is gram…

A

positive

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34
Q

describe the shape of L. monocytogenes

A

rod shaped (bacilli)

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35
Q

the method of transmission of L. monocytogenes is usually

A

foodborne

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36
Q

how is the effect of Listeria monocytogenes different in healthy humans than compromised ones?

A

in healthy individuals: mild and often symptomless
compromised immunity individuals: invades the CNS causing meningitis

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37
Q

presence of Listeria monocytogenes in the blood causes…

A

sepsis

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38
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is usually shed through…

A

feces

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39
Q

what are the important factors of virulence in Listeria monocytogenes?

A
  1. it proliferates inside phagocytes in the liver instead of being destroyed
  2. it has the ability to move from one phagocyte to another
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40
Q

whats the effect of Listeria monocytogenes on pregnant women and their fetus?

A
  1. on the pregnant woman: no more than mild flulike symptoms
  2. on the fetus: infected via the placenta, leads to abortion or stillborn infant
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41
Q

the bacterium that causes tetanus is called

A

Clostridium tetani

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42
Q

C. tetani is gram…

A

positive

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43
Q

Does C. tetani require oxygen?

A

no its an obligate anaerobe that grows in deep wounds with anaerobic conditions

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44
Q

the toxin released from dead cells in tetanus is known as

A

tetanospasmin neurotoxin

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45
Q

how does tetanospasmin neurotoxin cause tetanus?

A

it enters CNS and blocks the relaxation pathway of muscles causing spasms

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46
Q

death of tetanus is usually due to

A

spasms iof respiratory muscles

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47
Q

tetanus is prevented by

A

vaccination with a tetanus toxoid (DTaP)

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48
Q

how does DTaP work to prevent tetanus

A

stimulates production of antibodies that neutralize the tetanospasmin neurotoxin

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49
Q

treatment of tetanus

A

tetanus immune globulin TIG

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50
Q

the process of removal of tissue affected with tetanus is called

A

debridement

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51
Q

botulism is caused by the bacterium

A

Clostridium botulinum

52
Q

Clostridium botulinum is gram…

53
Q

does Clostridium botulinum require oxygen

A

no its an obligate anaerobe

54
Q

name two endospore forming bacteria

A

Clostridium botulinum
Clostridium tetani

55
Q

intoxication in botulism comes from

A

ingesting the botulinal exotoxin

56
Q

what part of the nerve does the botulinal exotoxin attack

A

the synaptic end

57
Q

the botulinal exotoxin blocks release of…

A

the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
causing flaccid paralysis

58
Q

death of botulism usually comes from

A

cardiac or respiratory failure

59
Q

infant botulism can be caused by…

A

ingestion of soil or endospore contaminated materials
but mostly because of ingestion of honey

60
Q

growth of C. botulinum in wounds is called

A

wound botulism

61
Q

the treatment of botulism relies heavily on..

A

supportive care

62
Q

antitoxins of A, B and E botulism toxins are aimed at…

A

neutralizing the different types of the toxin

63
Q

the antitoxin derived from horses and used for adults can cause serious side effects, including:

A

serum sickness
anaphylaxis

64
Q

immune complexes formed by reaction with antigens in the antitoxin, is the definition of?

A

serum sickness

65
Q

how can we prevent botulism?

A
  1. proper canning of foods
  2. the use of nitrites to inhibit spore germination
    nitrites also inhibit C. botulinum growth after endospore germination
66
Q

Hansen’s disease is another name for

A

leprosy (الجُذام)

67
Q

leprosy is caused by

A

mycobacterium leprae

68
Q

describe Mycobacterium leprae

A

acid fast rod (bacilli)
grows best at 30°C

69
Q

mycobacterium leprae usually gorws in…

A

peripheral nerves
skin cells

70
Q

mycobacterium leprae can cause leprosy by…

A

invading the myelin sheaths of peripheral nerves

71
Q

one virulence factor of M. leprae is…

A

that it survives macrophages

72
Q

what are the methods of transmission of leprosy?

A
  1. prolonged contact with an infected person
  2. inhalation of secretions
73
Q

what are the two types of leprosy?

A
  1. tuberculoid form (neural)
  2. lepromatous form (progressive)
74
Q

loss of sensation of the skin is a characteristic of …. leprosy

A

tuberculoid from

75
Q

effect on mucos membranes and disfiguring nodules all over the body are characteristics of ….. leprosy

A

lepromatous form

76
Q

how do you diagnose leprosy?

A

skin biopsy
skin smear and a blood test

77
Q

…. are usually used for treatment of leprosy

A

antibiotics

78
Q

poliomyelitis (شلل الاطفال) is caused by

A

poliovirus

79
Q

initial symptoms of poliomyelitis include

A

sore throat and nausea

80
Q

what effects does poliovirus leave if it enters the CNS?

A

destruction of motor nerve cells

81
Q

death of poliomyelitis is due to

A

respiratory failure

82
Q

rabies is caused by

A

rabies virus

83
Q

rabies virus belongs to the genus…

A

lyssavirus (bullet shaped)

84
Q

the genetic material of rabies virus contains …

A

single stranded RNA

85
Q

why do mutant strains of rabies virus develop easily?

A

because it has no proofreading capability

86
Q

how is rabies transmitted

A
  1. mostly by the saliva of an animal bite
  2. rarely can cross mucos membranes
87
Q

the most common cause of rabies is

A

silver haired bats

88
Q

what are the initial symptoms of rabies?

A

muscle spasms of the mouth and pharynx
hydrophobia

89
Q

rabies virus multiples in…

A

skeletal muscles

90
Q

rabies virus travels through … to the brain to cause encephalitis

91
Q

average incubation period for rabies virus?

A

30-50 days

92
Q

viral inclusions into host cells are called

A

negri bodies

93
Q

rabies virus usually forms negri bodies in the…

A

brain stem

94
Q

diagnosis of rabies in laboratory is usually done by

A

direct fluorescent-antibody (DFA): detection of viral antigen

95
Q

what’s postexposure prophylaxis (PEP)?

A

vaccine: human diploid cell vaccine (HDCV)
passive immunization: human rabies immue globulin (RIG)

96
Q

when are we supposed to use PEP?

A

right after the person gets bit by a rabid animal
before the end of incubation period of rabies virus

97
Q

whats an arbovirus?

A

arthropod borne virus

98
Q

arboviral encephalitis are caused by

A

mosquito borne viruses

99
Q

name 3 examples of arboviral encephalitis?

A
  1. Eastern equine encephalitis EEE
  2. Western equine encephalitis WEE
  3. Japanese encephalitis
100
Q

symptoms of WEE and EEE include?

A

deafness
neurological damage
brain damage

101
Q

give an example of arboviruses?

A

West Nile virus (WNV)

102
Q

virus maintained in the bird-mosquito-bird cycle?

A

west nile virus

103
Q

results of infection with WNV include:

A

poliolike paralysis
fatal encephalitis

104
Q

japanese encephalitis is diagnosed by..l

A

ELISA test to identify igM antibodies

105
Q

ZIka virus is primarily transmitted by

A

the bite of infected Aedes spp. mosquitoes

106
Q

other ways of transmission of zika virus include

A

sexual transmission
mother to child
blood transfusions

107
Q

zika virus infection during pregnancy increases the risk of…

A

microcephaly in infants

108
Q

how can you possibly diagnose zika virus disease (ZVD)?

A

by reverse transcriptase PCR

109
Q

name 4 viral infections of nervous system?

A

poliomyelitis
rabies
arboviral encephalitis
zika virus disease

110
Q

name 5 bacterial diseases that affect the nervous system?

A

tetanus
botulism
meningitis (H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae)
listeriosis
leprosy

111
Q

Cryptococcosis is another name for…

A

Cryptococcus neoformans meningitis (fungal disease)

112
Q

what type ot fungus is C. neoformans?

A

soil fungus associated with chicken and pigeon droppings

113
Q

C. neoformans is usually transmitted via…

A

respiratory route through dried contaminated droppings

114
Q

whats the effect of C. neoformans in immunocompromised patients?

A

it spreads through blood to the CNS

115
Q

African trypanosomiasis is a …. disease that affects the …. system

A

protozoan
nervous

116
Q

sleeping sickness is another name for?

A

african trypanosomiasis

117
Q

what are the two types of brucei that affect humans?

A

trypanosoma brucei gambiense
trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense

118
Q

…. is a trypanosoma that the only reservoir of is human.

A

trypanosoma brucei gambiense

119
Q

whats the reservoir of trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense?

A

wild animals and livestock

120
Q

brucei rhodesiense is transmitted from animals to humans by…

A

tsetse fly

121
Q

why is it difficult to develop a vaccine for african trypanosomiasis?

A

because the parasite evades antibodies through antigenic variations

122
Q

what are the three parasites that cause amebic meningoencephalitis?

A
  1. Naegleria fowleri
  2. Acanthamoeba spp.
  3. Balamuthia mandrillaris
123
Q

the parasite that causes primary amebic meningoencephalitis is called…

A

Naegleria fowleri

124
Q

name 2 parasites that could possibly cause granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)?

A

Acanthamoeba spp.
Balamuthia mandrillaris

125
Q

signs of primary amebic meningoencephalitis (PAM) include?

A

N. fowleri infects nasal mucosa from swimming water
penetrates the brain
feeds on brain tissue

126
Q

multiple lesions around the brain, called granulomas are a sign of?

A

granulmatous amebic encephalitis

mircobiology (3 decks)

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