Lab Quiz 10 Material (04/10/2025)

Question 1

This organ system consists of a pump, represented by the heart, and the blood vessels, which provide the route by which blood circulates to and from all parts of the body.

Answer 1

What is the cardiovascular system?

Question 2

What are the 3 key features of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 2

1) Heart
2) Blood vessels
3) Lymphatic vessels

Question 3

The blood {…} are arranged so that blood delivered from the heart quickly reaches a network of narrow, thin-walled vessels—the blood {…}—within or in proximity to the tissues in every part of the body.

Answer 3

1) Vessels
2) Capillaries

Question 4

The liquid extracellular material of the blood, called {…}, carries oxygen and metabolites and passes through the capillary wall.

Answer 4

Plasma

Question 5

The remaining fluid enters lymphatic capillaries as lymph and is ultimately returned to the bloodstream through a system of {…} vessels that join the blood system at the junction of the internal {…} veins with the {…} veins.

Answer 5

1) Lymphatic
2) Jugular
3) Subclavian

Question 6

Many of the white blood cells conveyed in the blood leave the blood vessels to enter the tissues this particular level of vessels.

Answer 6

What are the post-capillary venules?

Question 7

These are the vessels that deliver blood to the capillaries.

Answer 7

What are arteries?

Question 8

The smallest arteries, called {…}, are functionally associated with networks of capillaries into which they deliver blood.

Answer 8

Arterioles

Question 9

The arterioles, associated capillary network, and post-capillary venules come together to form this functional unit.

Answer 9

What is the microcirculatory (microvascular) bed?

Question 10

These vessels begin with the post-capillary venule and collect blood from the microvascular bed and carry it away.

Answer 10

What are veins?

Question 11

This circulation pathway conveys blood from the heart to the lungs and from the lungs to the heart.

Answer 11

What is pulmonary circulation?

Question 12

This circulation pathway conveys blood from the heart to other tissues of the body and from other tissues of the body to the heart.

Answer 12

What is systemic circulation?

Question 13

The heart lies in this space enclosed by the sternum, vertebral column, diaphragm, and lungs.

Answer 13

What is the middle mediastinum?

Question 14

The tough fibrous sac surrounding the heart from which the great vessels enter and leave the heart.

Answer 14

What is the pericardium?

Question 15

What are the 2 septa that separate the left and right sides of the heart?

Answer 15

Interatrial & interventricular septa

Question 16

This chamber of the heart receives deoxygenated blood returning from the body via the inferior and superior venae cavae, the two largest veins of the body.

Answer 16

What is the right atrium?

Question 17

This chamber of the heart receives blood from the right atrium and pumps it to the lungs for oxygenation via the pulmonary arteries.

Answer 17

What is the right ventricle?

Question 18

This chamber of the heart receives the oxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the four pulmonary veins.

Answer 18

What is the left atrium?

Question 19

This chamber of the heart receives blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta for distribution to the body.

Answer 19

What is the left ventricle?

Question 20

This heart structure consists of four fibrous rings surrounding the valve orifices, two fibrous trigones connecting the rings, and the membranous part of the interventricular and interatrial septa.

Answer 20

What is the fibrous skeleton?

Question 21

What tissues comprise the fibrous rings of the heart?

Answer 21

Dense irregular connective tissue

Question 22

What is the purpose of the fibrous rings?

Answer 22

To provide the attachment site for the leaflets of all four valves of the heart that allow blood flow in only one direction through the openings

Question 23

Which portion of the heart is devoid of cardiac muscle?

Answer 23

Membranous part of the interventricular septum

Question 24

What tissue does the membranous part of the interventricular septum consist of? What other structure will you find here?

Answer 24

Dense connective tissue, and you will find a short length of the AV bundle of the heart’s conduction system

Question 25

What are the 2 functions of the fibrous skeleton?

Answer 25

1) Provide independent attachments for the atrial and ventricular myocardium 2) Electrical insulation (i.e., preventing the free flow of electrical impulses between chambers)

Question 26

What cells form the conducting system of the heart?

Answer 26

Modified cardiac muscle cells (Purkinje fibers)

Question 27

This is the sudden cessation of normal heart rhythm leads to abrupt cessation of blood circulation; the conducting system of the heart fails to produce or conduct electrical impulses that cause the heart to contract and supply blood to the body.

Answer 27

What is cardiac arrest?

Question 28

What is the result of untreated cardiac arrest?

Answer 28

Sudden cardiac death

Question 29

List the 4 heart rhythm pathologies associated with cardiac arrest.

Answer 29

1) Tachycardia 2) Fibrillation 3) Bradycardia 4) Asystole

Question 30

What does the coronary vasculature consist of?

Answer 30

2 coronary arteries & several cardiac veins

Question 31

These two coronary vessels provide the arterial blood supply to the heart.

Answer 31

What are the left & right coronary arteries?

Question 32

This layer of the heart wall adheres to the outer surface of the heart.

Answer 32

What is the epicardium?

Question 33

What is another name for the epicardium?

Answer 33

Visceral layer of the serous pericardium

Question 34

The epicardium is reflected back at the great vessels entering and leaving the heart as this layer of the pericardium, which lines the inner surface of the pericardium that surrounds the heart and roots of great vessels.

Answer 34

What is the parietal layer of the serous pericardium?

Question 35

The space between the visceral and parietal layers of the serous pericardium.

Answer 35

What is the pericardial cavity?

Question 36

What cells line the pericardial cavity?

Answer 36

Mesothelial cells

Question 37

A condition in which excess fluid (blood or pericardial effusion) rapidly accumulates in the pericardial cavity.

Answer 37

What is cardiac tamponade?

Question 38

A procedure to drain the fluid from the pericardial cavity.

Answer 38

What is pericardiocentesis?

Question 39

The principle component of the heart consisting of cardiac muscle.

Answer 39

What is myocardium?

Question 40

This layer of the heart wall consists of an inner layer of endothelium and subendothelial connective tissue, a middle layer of connective tissue and smooth muscle cells, and a deeper layer of connective tissue.

Answer 40

What is endocardium?

Question 41

What is the clinical name for the deeper layer of connective tissue under the endocardium?

Answer 41

Subendocardial layer

Question 42

Which is thinner? The interventricular septum or the interatrial septum?

Answer 42

Interatrial septum

Question 43

List the 3 distinct layers of each heart valve.

Answer 43

1) Fibrosa 2) Spongiosa 3) Ventricularis OR atrialis

Question 44

Where will you find the ventricularis layer? 2 valves in particular.

Answer 44

Ventricular surface of aortic & pulmonary semilunar valves

Question 45

Where will you find the atrialis layer? 2 valves in particular.

Answer 45

Atrial surface of mitral & tricuspid AV valves

Question 46

The {...} is situated on the ventricular surface of AV valves and the arterial surface (facing the aorta or pulmonary trunk) of semilunar valves.

Answer 46

Fibrosa

Question 47

In the AV valves, the fibrosa continues into these fibrous, thread-like cords covered with epithelium.

Answer 47

What are the chordae tendineae?

Question 48

Chordae tendineae extend from the ventricular surfaces of the mitral and tricuspid valves into muscular projections from the wall of the ventricles called these.

Answer 48

What are papillary muscles?

Question 49

The {...} comprises the middle layer of the valve leaflet.

Answer 49

Spongiosa

Question 50

What is the purpose of the spongiosa?

Answer 50

To act as a shock absorber, dampening vibrations from closing valves

Question 51

The {...} layer is immediately adjacent to the ventricular or atrial surface of each valve and is covered with endothelium.

Answer 51

Ventricularis/atrialis

Question 52

What tissue makes up the ventricularis/atrialis layer? What 3 other substructures will you find within this tissue?

Answer 52

Dense connective tissue - collagen fibers, elastic fibers, elastic lamellae

Question 53

The leaflets of valves are populated by these cells that have unique features and sustain valve homeostasis throughout life.

Answer 53

What are valvular interstitial cells?

Question 54

The electrical activity (impulses) that results in the rhythmic pulsations of the heart is initiated and propagated by this heart system.

Answer 54

What is the conducting system of the heart?