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Archaeology 201 > Lab Quiz #1 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz #1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a topographic map?

A

A detailed graphic representation of features that appear on the Earth’s surface

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2
Q

How is terrain represented on topographic maps?

A

Contour lines

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3
Q

What are the 2 main purposes topographic maps have in archaeology?

A

Location of sites and Environmental assessment of a region

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4
Q

Map Reference

A

A number and a title indicating which map in the series one is working with
Generally located near the corner of a map

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5
Q

Date of Publication

A

Should always check date of original geographical survey and publication of map
allows you to reference map and check that you’re using recent representation of terrain and environment

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6
Q

How many north arrows on topographic maps?

A

3

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7
Q

True North

A

Fixed geographical north point (the North Pole) on Earth
arrow with star

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8
Q

Magnetic North

A

Point on Earth where magnetic lines of force converge, and consequently where a magnetic compass points
Traditionally has been in the North of Canada near Ellesmere Island, but is moving towards Russia
Arrow with MN

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9
Q

Grid North

A

Follows orientation of Universal Transverse Mercator system
Arrow with GN

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10
Q

Magnetic Declination

A

Angle between True North and Magnetic North
Used to calibrate compasses

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11
Q

When is True and Magnetic North in 0 degrees?

A

When they’re in the same direction

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12
Q

When is True and Magnetic North positive?

A

When magnetic north is east of true north

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13
Q

When is True and Magnetic North negative?

A

When magnetic north is west of true north

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14
Q

Angle between True North and Grid North

A

Grid Declination

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15
Q

What do contour lines represent?

A

The elevations of points on the ground
Illustrate the shape of the land surface
Can be negative or positive

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16
Q

The number and horizontal separation between contour lines

A

A reflection of steepness of a slope

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17
Q

Every 5th line in a contour lines is what?

A

An Index contour

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18
Q

What are location systems?

A

The methods by which locations of things are recorded

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19
Q

3 most widely used location systems in Canada?

A
  1. Legal Description
  2. Geographic Systems
  3. Universal Transverse Mercator System
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20
Q

Meridians - Legal System

A

North/South lines

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21
Q

Baselines - Legal Systems

A

East/West lines
First baseline is on US/Canada border
Each subsequent baseline is about 39km (24 miles) north of the previous

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22
Q

Where are townships

A

At each intersection of a baseline and meridian

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23
Q

Townships

A

About 6x6 miles square
Every township is divided into 36 sections

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24
Q

How big are the 36 sections

A

1 mile square

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25
Q

Sections are divided into

A

4 quarters
sections of SE, SW, NE, NW

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26
Q

Which one represents Meridian - 5-1-87-18W4

A

W4
In Western Canada, land is identified as being west of a Meridian

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26
Q

Which one represents Range - 5-1-87-18W4

A

18

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26
Q

Which one represents Township - 5-1-87-18W4

A

87
N/S lines of division

27
Q

Which one represents Section - 5-1-87-18W4

A

1

27
Q

Which one represents Legal Subdivisions (L.S.D.) - 5-1-87-18W4

A

5

27
Q

The Geographic System

A

Based upon the roughly spherical shape of the Earth, refers to position by degrees, minutes and seconds

28
Q

A degree and minute is divided into what?

A

degree - 60’
minute - 60”

29
Q

Locations on geographic system is represented by what 2 coordinates?

A

latitude and longitude

30
Q

Latitude

A

Measured in degrees from the equator, increasing as one moves north in our hemisphere, or south in southern hemisphere

31
Q

Longitude

A

Measured from east to west from the Prime Meridian which is a line running N/S through Greenwich, England

32
Q

Which one represents Degrees - 56o 1’ 40”

A

56o

33
Q

Which one represents Minutes - 56o 1’ 40”

A

1’

34
Q

Which one represents Seconds - 56o 1’ 40”

A

40”

35
Q

Challenges of Cartography

A

Earth is roughly spherical, however it isn’t a true sphere
Earth is ellipsoid (oblate spheroid)
Rough surface topography of earth is actually best characterized as a geoid

35
Q

Most commonly used map

A

Lambert Cylindrical

36
Q

Most accurate map yet created

A

designed by Japanese architect Hajime Narukawa

37
Q

The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM)

A

An international locational reference system that depicts the Earth’s 3D surface in a 2D plane

38
Q

UTM allows users to identify what

A

geographic locations anywhere on the Earth’s surface between northern limits of North America and southern limits of Antarctica

39
Q

What is not included in UTM system and why

A

Remaining N/S polar regions
due to extreme projection distortions in grid

40
Q

Rules when using UTM

A
  1. All measurements must be taken from central meridian due to curvature
  2. To avoid complicating location calculations with negative values, easting points are measured from a false origin lying 500,000m west of the zone’s central meridian

To avoid dealing with negative values

41
Q

How are northing points measured - UTM

A

Relative to equator

42
Q

UTM grid is composed of:

A

light blue lines over the entire map
vertical easting lines and horizontal northing lines

43
Q

UTM easting and northing coordinates specify

A

position of a point on Earth

44
Q

Every UTM coordinate consists of what

A

UTM zone, easting, northing

45
Q

Which one represents UTM zone - UTM 11 0701750 5661700

A

UTM 11

46
Q

Which one represents easting - UTM 11 0701750 5661700

A

0701750

47
Q

Which one represents northing - UTM 11 0701750 5661700

A

5661700

48
Q

Why add a 0 in beginning? - UTM

A

just so numbers digits are even

49
Q

What are Site designation systems

A

methods by which archaeologists assign names and numbers to archaeological sites

50
Q

Borden System

A

Canada’s system site of designation
divides country into grid of units each measuring 2 degrees of latitude by 4 degrees of longitude

51
Q

What is provenience?

A

The location of objects on an archaeological site
recorded in 3 dimensions from a known point on a site - DATUM

52
Q

How many methods of recording Horizontal Provenience from a datum

A

3

53
Q

1st method of recording HP from datum

A

Set up a grid on the site and record an object’s location within that grid

54
Q

2nd method of recording HP from datum

A

Measuring a bearing and a distance from the site datum to the object being recorded

55
Q

3rd method of recording HP from datum

A

If one has a set up of 2 or more datums the position of an object can be triangulated based on its distance from the datums

56
Q

Vertical Provenience

A

The 3rd dimension, depth, elevation or altitude

57
Q

3 measurements of vertical provenience

A
  1. Depth below datum (b.d.)
  2. Depth below surface (b.s.)
  3. Altitude above sea level (a.s.l.)
58
Q

Stratigraphy

A

An artifacts vertical provenience
layering of soils, sediments and deposits

59
Q

How to determine layers

A

often distinguished by soil color, size, texture and compactness of soil
some sites are marked by amount of cultural material found or by cultural features

60
Q

Relative age

A

Archaeologists use stratigraphy to determine relative age of artifacts and soils

61
Q

Law of Superstition

A

Basically states lower layers are older than upper layers

62
Q

Processes which may disturb stratigraphy

A

erosion, rodent burrowing, root action and human burials

63
Q

Profile

A

The general stratigraphy of a site
or a particular excavation unit of
a site is illustrated in reports
cross-section view of layers through which the archaeologist excavated

64
Q

Harris Matrix

A

Visual tool that represents three-dimensional
stratigraphic layers in a 2D diagram
Developed by Dr. Harris.
Most recent contexts sit on top and the oldest sit at the bottom, with lines to link them together to represent direct stratigraphic contact

Archaeology 201 (7 decks)

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