Lab Practicum 2 Flashcards by Tony Cross

Nitrogen fixation

Root nodules w/ rhizobium

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Kingdom Bacteria

3 shapes: coccus, bacillus, spirillium.

Gram negative, positive

Circle, pinpoint, irregular, filamentous, & wrinkled - morphologies

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Cyanobacteria

Oscillatoria - filament: trichomes

Anabaena - heterocyst; N fixation

Gleocapsa - sheath, glue box

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Differences between prokaryotes and eukaryotes -

Euk - nucleus, membranous organelles, larger in size, uses methionine, whiplike flagella, cilia, pseudopod

Pro - cell walls of peptidoglycan, no organelles, circular DNA, formyl-methionine, pili, binary fission, pili

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Phylum Chlorophyta

Chlamydomonas - stigma (eyespot), syngamy forming zygospores.

Spirogyra - conjugation through conjugation tube forming a zygote.

Volvox - colonial w/ daughter colonies inside.

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Kingdom Protista

Algae Phyla:
Chlorophyta - volvox
Bacillariophyta - diatoms
Euglenida - euglena

Protozoa & slime phyla:
Rhizopoda - amoeba
Kinetoplastea - Trypanosoma
Ciliophora - paramecium
Dictyostelia - Physarum

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Phylum Bacillariophyta

Diatoms

Centrate (radial), pennate (bilateral)

Silicon dioxide shell

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Phylum Euglenida

Euglena

Flagellum, eyespots, pellicle for support

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Phylum Rhizopoda

Amoeba

Pseudopod, phagocytosis, contractile vacuole, phagocytic (food) vacuole

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Phylum Kinetoplastea

Trypanosoma

Flagellated parasites, undulating membrane for movement.

Chagas’ disease; Acai berry, African sleeping sickness; tsetse fly

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Phylum Ciliophora

Paramecium

Cilia, macro/micro nucleus, phagocytic vacuole, dikaryotic

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Phylum Dictyostelia

Physarum

Plasmodium, sporangium (w/ light), sclerotium (hard shell phase)

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Kingdom Fungi

Phyla:
Zygomycota - Rhizopus

Ascomycota - Penicillium

Basidiomycota - Portabella

Lichens

Hyphae, mycelium, plasmogamy, karyogamy, saprotrophs

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Kingdom Plantae

Alternation of generations

Gametophyte, Sporophyte, Sporangium, Spore

Non vascular, vascular, seeds, flowers

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Phylum Basidiomycota

Portabella

conidium, basidospore, cap, gill, stipe (stem), pileus (cap), basidiocarp, basidium

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Phylum Ascomycota

Penicillium

conidium, conidiophore, ascospore, ascocarp, ascus, imperfect fungi

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Phylum Zygomycota

Rhizopus

Sporangiophore, sporangium, zygospore, rhizoid

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Lichens

Mutualism of Cyanobacteria and fungi

Thallus, crustose, foliose, fruticose

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Phylum Hepaticophyta

Marchantia - liverworts
Non vascular
Gametophyte dominant

Thallus, gemma, gemmae cup, archegonium, antheridium, capsule, foot, stalk, elators

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Phylum Bryophyta

Moss
Non vascular
Gametophyte dominant

archegonium, antheridium, capsule, foot, stalk, elators, calyptra, paraphyses

Phylum Pterophyta

Ferns
Vascular seedless
Sporophyte dominant

Archegonium, antheridium, rhizome, frond, fiddlehead, sorus, indusium, protonema, prothallium

Whisk fern, horsetail, & club mossed
Dichotomous branching, strobilus

Phylum Coniferophyta

Pine
Gymnosperm
Sporophyte dominant

Needle, micro/megasporophyll, pollen grain, tube cell, generative cell, ovuliferous scale, egg, embryo, seed coat, food supply (endosperm)

Phylum Anthophyta

Angiosperms
Sporophyte dominant

Peduncle (stem), receptacle, sepals, calyx, petals, corolla, stamen, filament, anther, pistil, stigma, style, ovary, locule, ovule

Pollen, tube nucleus, generative nucleus, sperm nucleus, ovule, embryo sac, double fertilization, endosperm

Seeds

Mature ovule

Embryo, seed coat, endosperm, cotyledons, hilum (navel), micropyle

Monocot

One cotyledon, parallel veins, random vasculars, fibrous roots, 3x whorls

Dicot

Two cotyledons, netlike veins, vascular ring, taproot, 4-5x whorls

Kingdom Animalia

Lack cell walls, heterotrophic, specialized cells, locomotion, response to stimuli, diploid

Evolution of

1. Tissues 2. Symmetry 3. Body cavity 4. Blastopore 5. Skeleton 6. Segmentation

Phylum Porifera

Sponges No true tissues Intracellular digestion Monoecious Sessile, spongecoel, osculum, choanocytes, spicule, spongin

Phylum Cnidaria

Cnidarians Radial symmetry Mono or dioecious Diploblastic Extracellular digestion Endodermis, ectodermis, mesaglea, tentacles, polyp, medusa, cnidocyte, nematocyst, gastrovascular cavity Classes: Hydrozoa, Scyphozoa, Anthozoa

Class Hydrazoa

Hydra, obelia, Aurelia Reproductive polyp, feeding polyp

Class Scyphozoa

Jellyfish - Aurelia Radial canal, gonad, ring canal, tentacle, mouth, oral arm

Class Anthozoa

Corals and sea anemones

Phylum Platyhelminthes

Flatworms Lophotrocozoan Hermaphrodite, mesodermis, acoelomate, bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, organs, cephalization, cuticles Classes: Turbellaria - planarian Trematoda - flukes Cestoda - tapeworms

Class Turbellaria

Planarian Eyespots, auricles, pharynx, mouth, intestine, asexual regeneration

Class Trematoda

Parasitic flukes Swimmers itch Oral sucker, ventral sucker, mouth, uterus, testes, excretory pore

Class Cestoda

Sextoda Parasitic tapeworms Scolex, proglottids

Phylum Nematoda

Roundworms Ecdysozoan Pseudocoelomate, bilateral, triploblastic, full digestive tract, parasitic Pharynx, excretory pore, genital pore, vagina, uterus, oviduct, intestine, anus, testis, seminal vesicle, cloaca (multiuse hole)

Phylum Molluska

Mollusks Soft bodied - Molluska Lophotrochozoan Coelomates Class: Bivalvia Gastropoda ~ Cephalopoda ~

Class Bivalvia

Clams Mantle, shell, visceral mass, foot, gills, digestive gland, gonad, heart, in/excurrent siphons

Phylum Annelida

Segmented worms Segmentation, triploblastic, coelomates Class Oligochaeta Protostomium, clitellum, seta Pharynx, hearts, gonads, esophagus, crop, gizzard, nephridia Class Polychaeta ~

Phylum Arthropoda

Armored foot Ecdysozoans Segmented, armor like, chitin, gills, trachea, lungs, open circulatory ``` Classes: Crustacea - lobster Hexopoda - grasshopper Arachnida - spider Merostomata - horseshoe crab ```

Class Crustacea

Crawfish Antenunules, antenna, chelipad, carapace, walking legs, swimmerets , copulatory swimmerets of male, uropod, telson Green glands, gills, stomach, heart

Class Hexapoda

Insects Most successful

Subphylum Chelicerata

Spiders and horseshoe crabs Chelicera (mouth), cephalothorax, abdomen, telson

Phylum Echinodermata

Spiked skin Deuterostomes Pentaradial, lack cephalization Class Asteroidea - sea star

Class Astroidea

Sea star Aboral and oral surfaces, madreporite, ambulacal groove, tone foot Ambulacral ridge, ampulla, ring canal, digestive gland, gonad

Phylum Chordata

Lancelet Notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal gill slits, post anal tail, endoskeleton