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Bio 106 > Final > Flashcards

Final Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of ocean life

A 
Advantages:
Stable temperatures
Buoyancy provided
Plentiful food and waste removal
Fluid and salt gradients easily maintained

Disadvantages:
Currents - water movement

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1
Q

When and where animal life began

A

~540 million years ago (Precambrian)

First in shallow marine environments

Cambrian explosion

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2
Q

Disadvantages of life in fresh water

A

Variable:
Temperature
Turbidity - light
Volume

Less food

Hypotonic

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3
Q

Disadvantages of terrestrial

A

Desiccation

Larger temperature variability

Gametes and embryos need protection

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4
Q

Characteristics common to animals

A

Heterotrophic

Multicellular

Specialized cells without cell walls

Locomotion at some time

Nervous and muscular systems for rapid response to stimuli

Sexual reproduction w/ non motile egg and flagellated sperm

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5
Q

6 key transitions in animal body plans.

Evolution of

A
  1. Tissues
  2. Symmetry
  3. Body cavity
  4. Blastopore differentiation
  5. Skeletal support structures
  6. Segmentation
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6
Q

Table 32.1 - 32.4

A 
Hetertrophy
Multicellularity
No cell walls
Active movement
Diversity in form
Diversity in habitat
Sexual reproduction
Embryonic development
Tissues
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7
Q

6 key transitions in body plans for animals

A
  1. Tissues
  2. Symmetry
  3. Body cavity
  4. Blastopore differentiation
  5. Skeletal support structures
  6. Segmentation
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8
Q

Parazoa

A

Asymmetrical sponges

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9
Q

Phylum Porifera

A 
Multicellular
Lack tissues
Asymmetrical
Noncoelomate
Sessile

Choanocytes
Spongecoel
Osculum
Asco/syco/leuconoid bodies

Filter feeders
Intracellular digestion
Asexual fragmentation
Hermaphroditic

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10
Q

Phylum Cnidaria

A 
Radial symmetry
Acoelomate
Specialized tissues
Diploblastic
Cnidocytes
Extra cellular digestion

3 classes:
Anthozoa - Corals & Anemones
Hydrozoa - Hydra & man-o-war
Scyphozoa - Jellyfish

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11
Q

Characteristics of Lophotrochozoa

A

Lophophore

No molting

3 phyla: Platyhelminthes, Mollusca, Annelida

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12
Q

Characteristics of Ecdysozoa

A

Ecdysis - molting of cuticle

2 phyla: Arthropoda and Nematoda

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13
Q

Phylum Platyhelminthes

A 
Flatworms
Acoelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Cephalization
Triploblastic
Organs
Many hermaphroditic
Cuticles in parasites

3 classes:
Turbellaria - free-living flatworms
Trematoda - parasitic flukes
Cestoda - parasitic tapeworms

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14
Q

Class Turbellaria

A 
Free-living flatworms
Carnivorous
Auricles
Muscular pharynx
Sexual hermaphroditism
Asexual regeneration
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15
Q

Class Trematoda

A

Parasitic flukes
Hooks and suckers
Ecto/endoparasitism

Complex life cycle
Intermediate host
Dead end host
Swimmers itch

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16
Q

Class Cestoda

A 
Parasitic tapeworms
Sextoda
Ribbon-like
Scolex
Proglottids
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17
Q

Phylum Nematoda

A 
Round worms
Nemo-round
Pseudocoelomate
Bilateral symmetry
Triploblastic
Cuticle
Parasitic

Decomposers and predators of bacteria
Numerous in soil, fresh and salt water.

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18
Q

Phylum Mollusca

A

Soft body - Mollusca
Clams
Usually covered by shell
Lack segmentation

4 classes:
Gastropoda - snails
Bivalvia - mussels
Cephalopoda - octopus

Economically:
Food, mother of pearl, & zebra mussels

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19
Q

Class Bivalvia

A 
"Two shells"
Mussels
Hinged 2-part shell
Suspension feeders
Spade-like foot
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20
Q

Class Gastropoda

A 
"Stomach foot"
Foot - locomotion
Visceral mass - organs
Mantle - secretes shell
Shell - protection
Eye stalks & tentacles
Grazers
Terrestrial
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21
Q

Class Cephalopoda

A 
"Head foot"
Squids
Coiled, internal, or no shell
Foot divided into tentacles
Stream lined locomotion via siphons
Chromatophores - cells w/ pigment granules
Ink sac - carries ink
Predators

Nutrition:
Carnivorous
Horny beak for tearing

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22
Q

Phylum Annelida

A

Segmented
Lophotrochozoa
Coelomates
Triploblastic

Repeated backup subunits
Setae - chitinous bristles
Diffusion

2 classes:
Polychaeta
Clitellata

23
Q

Class Polychaeta

A 
Parapodia w/ many setae
Filter feeders or detritivores
Sexual
Dioecious
External fertilization
24
Q

Class Clitellata

A 
Earthworms
Detritivores
Monoecious
Sperm exchanged and stored
Fertilization occurs externally in cocoon
Leeches
Ectoparasitic
Internal fertilization
No septa; no setae
Sucked
Clitellum when breeding
25
Q

Phylum Arthropoda

A 
"Jointed foot"
>1 million spp.; 80% of animals
Most successful
Segmented
Armor like cuticle (exoskeleton)

2 classes:
Crustacea
Hexapoda
Chelicerata ~

26
Q

Economic importance of Arthropoda

A

Compete with us for food
Pollination
Food source
Vector for disease

27
Q

Class Crustacae

A 
Lobsters
"Swiss Army knife of animal world"
3 pair Mandibles
Biraneas (2 branched)
2 pairs if antennae
Cephalothorax
Abdomen
Chelipads
Swimmerets
Walking legs
28
Q

Class Hexapoda

A 
Metamorphosis in insects
Most successful class
Minimized interspecific competition
Simple vs
Egg>nymph>adult
Complete
Egg>larva>pupa>adult
29
Q

Phylum Echinodermata

A

“Spiny skin”
Pentaradial
Endoskeleton

Complete gut
No brain
Dioecious
External fertilization
Water vascular system

Class Astroidea

30
Q

5 main clades and 9 phyla

A 
Parazoa
- Porifera
Radiata
- Cnidaria
Lophotrochozoa
- Platyhelminthes
- Molluska
- Annelida
Ecdysozoa
- Nematoda
- Arthropoda
Deuterstomia
- Echinodermata
- Chordata
31
Q

Class Astroidea

A

Central disk
5x tapered arms
Important predators
1cm to 1m in size

32
Q

Phylum Chordata

A

Triploblastic
Coelomates
Bilateral symmetry
Endoskeleton

4 critical innovations
•Notochord
•Dorsal hollow nerve cord
•Pharyngeal slits
•Post anal tail
33
Q

4 critical innovations of Chordata

A

Notochord - dorsal rod
Nerve cord - electrochemi signals
Pharyngeal slits - food/gas
Post anal tail - appendage

34
Q

Subphyla Urochordata

A 
"Tail-cords"
Invertebrates
Tunicates
Filter feeders; sessile adults
Tunic of cellulose
35
Q

Subphyla Cephalocordata

A 
Lancelets
"Head cords"
Invertebrates
Filter feeders
Fish shaped
Segmented
36
Q

Craniates

A

Invertebrates
Cranium (brain case)
Neural crest - stem cells

37
Q

Chordate evolution of

A
  • Cranium
  • Vertebrae
  • Jaws
  • Lungs
  • Limbs
  • Amniotic egg
38
Q

Class Mixini

A

Hagfish
Invertebrates
Craniates*
Copious amounts of slime

39
Q

Transitions from invertebrates to vertebrates

A

Notochord -> vertebral column
Nerve cord -> central nervous
Pharyngeal slits -> eustachian tube
Post anal tail -> terminal anus

40
Q

Subphyla Vertebrata

A

Skeleton:
• Cranium
• Muscles attached to endoskeleton

Nervous:
• Neural crest cells
• pronounced cephalization

Nutrition:
• variable
• complete digestive system

41
Q

Class Cephalospidomorphi

A 
Lamprey
Suction cup mouth
No paired fins
Parasites
Vertebrate*
42
Q

Class Chondricthyes

A 
Cartilaginous fish
- sharks, skates, rays
Skeleton
Vertebrate
Paired fins
Placoid scales (enamel and dentine)
Sharks have teeth
Jaws*
43
Q

Bony fish

A

2 classes:
•Actinopterygii
•Sarcopterygii

Differences from Chondricthyes
•Bony skeleton
•Operculum
•Swim bladder

44
Q

Class Actinopterygii

A

Ray-finned fish

Fins have thin, bony, flexible rays

45
Q

Class Sarcopterygii

A

Lobe-finned fish
Lungfish
- 7 lobed fins
- lungs*

46
Q

Tetrapod adaptations

A 
Prevent desiccation
Locomotion
Protected reproduction
Homologous structures
Strengthened bones
47
Q

Class Amphibia

A

Frogs, toads, etc

Double life - metamorphic
Cutaneous respiration
Lungs
Limbs*
3 chambered heart
Ectotherms
External fertilization
Larval aquatic
48
Q

Amniotes

A

Amniotic egg during reproduction

Reptiles, aves, and mammals

49
Q

Class Reptilia

A 
Turtles
Internal fertilization
Amniotic egg
Ectothermic
Dry skin w/ horny scales
Thoracic breathing (rib cage)
Lungs with many chambers
3 chambered heart
50
Q

Class Aves

A

Adaptations for powered flight

  • feathers
  • light hollow bones
  • 4 chambered heart
  • very efficient lungs
  • endothermic
  • high metabolic rate
  • well developed nervous system
51
Q

Class Mammalia

A 
Adapted to cold
Hair 
Mammary glands
Specialized teeth
Endotherms; homeostasis
4 chambered heart
Highly developed nervous system
Muscular diaphragm
Thoracic breathing
52
Q

Bell curve axi

A

X - variation

Y - frequency

53
Q

5 Agents of evolution

A 
Small pop. size/genetic drift
No random mating
Mutation
Migration/gene flow
Natural selection
54
Q

Evidence for evolution

A 
Fossil record
Biogeography 
Homoplasy
Artificial selection
Homologies
Evidence of adaptation
55
Q

Natural selection needs

A

Variation of heritable traits

Overproduction

Limits on growth

Differential reproductive success

Bio 106 (3 decks)

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