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Biology 111 > Lab Practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Purpose of the “Properties of Nerves and Neurons” lab?

A

Observe what would happen to a frog’s sciatic nerve if manipulated

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2
Q

Neuron

A

Individual neurological cell

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3
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of neurons, some of which have different properties as far as speed and threshold

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4
Q

Oscilloscope tracing

A

Shows how long a signal takes to travel across a nerve

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5
Q

Conduction speed equation

A

distance/time

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6
Q

Relationship between temperature and conduction velocity

A

Directly related

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7
Q

Relationship between fiber diameter and conduction speed

A

Directly related

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8
Q

Relationship between fiber diameter and threshold

A

Inversely related

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9
Q

TTX

A

Flattened peaks in 5 minutes

Blocks sodium ion channels (first step of conduction)

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10
Q

Novocain

A

Blocks sodium ion channels

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11
Q

Ether

A

Flattened peaks in 60 minutes
Makes membranes swell so deep that channels are submerged and sodium/potassium ions cannot pass
Membrane swells entirely in 60 minutes

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12
Q

Ouabain

A

Immediately stops disequilibrium pumps, but effect is not noticed for 24 hours (takes that long for gradient to dissipate/leak down to equilibrium)

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13
Q

Purpose of the “Transport in Plants and Animals” lab?

A

Examine and label heart, learn mechanical work of heart, recognize heart noises in a stethoscope, determine blood pressure and heart rate, use an EKG, use a microscope to learn the appearance and locations of plant transport structures

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14
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and dissolved substances upward from roots

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15
Q

Phloem

A

Transports organic compounds manufactured by the plant (like sugars and amino acids) up and down within the organism

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16
Q

What does the flow of fluids through xylem and phloem depend on?

A

Differences in water potential

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17
Q

Right atrium fills with blood from:

A

Body

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18
Q

Left atrium fills with blood from:

A

Lungs

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19
Q

Right ventricle takes blood to:

A

Lungs

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20
Q

Left ventricle takes blood to:

A

Body

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

RA to RV

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22
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Heart tissue attached to flaps that keep them from being pushed back into atrium

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23
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

LA to LV

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24
Q

“Lub”

A

Created by turbulence from bicuspid/tricuspid valve closure

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25
Pulmonary valve
RV to pulmonary artery
26
Aortic valve
LV to aorta
27
"Dub"
Created by turbulence from pulmonary/ aortic valve closure
28
Systolic pressure
first and higher; measures force of blood against brachial artery wall when LV contracts
29
Diastolic pressure
second and lower; measures force of blood against brachial artery wall when LV relaxes
30
Korotkoff sounds
: noises produced by turbulence that are detectable by stethoscope
31
SA Node
(segment of heart muscle tissue in the right atrium) depolarizes initially, current spreads out from the SA node and stimulated muscles of atria to contract (atria are electrically insulated from ventricles)
32
AV Node
nest of tissues that allows for conduction down to the ventricles, delay happens, signal is passed on to Purkinje fibers which pass to ventricular muscle, then contraction
33
What happens simultaneously?
Ventricular depolariation and atria repolarization
34
P wave
Atrial depolarization
35
QRS complex
Ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization cannot be seen)
36
T wave
Ventricular repolarization
37
Vascular plants
Have internal transport systems
38
Monocots
1 embryonic leaf, parallel leaf venation, multiples of 3 flowering parts
39
Eudicots
2 embryonic leaves, netted leaf venation, multiples of 4/5 flowering parts
40
Roots
Vascular transport tissue concentrated in center
41
Monocot xylem
Forms a circle
42
Eudicot xylem
Forms an X
43
Monocot stem
Vascular bundles throughout
44
Eudicot stem
Ring of vascular bundles
45
Purpose of "Plant Hormones" lab
Examine the effects of indoleacetic acid and kinetin on the growth of new shoots in Alaska peas
46
Which growth was manipulated?
Lateral growth
47
Indoleacetic acid (IAA)
Auxin hormone; auxins stimulate cell elongation
48
What was removed from each plant and why?
Apex of each pea plant; eliminated source of IAA
49
High ratio IAA/Kinetin
Suppressed growth
50
Low ratio IAA/Kinetin
Encourages growth
51
Which "colors" could be compared?
Those with only one variable manipulated
52
Value with no hormone added
1
53
Value with hormone added
10
54
Probability <0.05
Difference is likely due to treatment
55
Probability ≥ 0.05
Difference is likely due to chance
56
df equation
n_1+n_2 - 2
57
s_u equation
√((s_1^2)/n_1 +(s_2^2)/n_2 )
58
t equation
(x ̅_1-x ̅_2)/s_u
59
Purpose of "Water Potential and Osmosis" lab
Determine the Ψ of potato cells by immersing potato tissues into solutions with different molarities of sucrose (which doesn’t diffuse across cell membranes)
60
Independent variable in Water Potential lab
sucrose concentration
61
Dependent variable in Water Potential lab
Percent change in mass
62
Relationship between sucrose concentration and change in mass
Inversely related
63
Diffusion
Movement of molecules in solution from high to low concentration
64
Osmosis
Water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane
65
At what temperatures are molecules constantly in motion?
Those above absolute zero
66
What happens with solutes are added to water?
Effective water concentration goes down because polar solutes tend to bind to water molecules and reduce their mobility, especially through a semi-permeable membrane
67
Water potential (Ψ)
takes into account the effects of solutes in water and pressure; measure of the chemical potential of water in terms of free energy per mole of water, but expressed in terms of pressure (force per unit area, usually in bars2)
68
Solute potential equation
Ψ_s=-iCRT
69
Relationship between solute potential and solute concentration
Inversely related
70
Equilibrium estimation
When C is about .2-.3M
71
Role of pressure
When diffusion of water into a cell is prevented by built-up turgor pressure as water enters; as pressure builds, the cell becomes turgid and water cannot enter the cell
72
Water potential equation
Ψ=Ψ_S+Ψ_P
73
What happens as pressure builds up over time?
Cell walls become distended by increased cytoplasmic volume, but can withstand it
74
Problem with animal cells
Will lyse in solutions with high Ψ due to a lack of cell walls (unable to resist stretching of cell membrane)
75
When the temperature of the nerve chamber is lowered, which of the following occurs?
Oscilloscope peaks shift right

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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