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Biology 111 > Lab Practical 3 > Flashcards

Lab Practical 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Purpose of the “Properties of Nerves and Neurons” lab?

A

Observe what would happen to a frog’s sciatic nerve if manipulated

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2
Q

Neuron

A

Individual neurological cell

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3
Q

Nerve

A

A bundle of neurons, some of which have different properties as far as speed and threshold

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4
Q

Oscilloscope tracing

A

Shows how long a signal takes to travel across a nerve

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5
Q

Conduction speed equation

A

distance/time

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6
Q

Relationship between temperature and conduction velocity

A

Directly related

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7
Q

Relationship between fiber diameter and conduction speed

A

Directly related

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8
Q

Relationship between fiber diameter and threshold

A

Inversely related

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9
Q

TTX

A

Flattened peaks in 5 minutes

Blocks sodium ion channels (first step of conduction)

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10
Q

Novocain

A

Blocks sodium ion channels

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11
Q

Ether

A

Flattened peaks in 60 minutes
Makes membranes swell so deep that channels are submerged and sodium/potassium ions cannot pass
Membrane swells entirely in 60 minutes

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12
Q

Ouabain

A

Immediately stops disequilibrium pumps, but effect is not noticed for 24 hours (takes that long for gradient to dissipate/leak down to equilibrium)

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13
Q

Purpose of the “Transport in Plants and Animals” lab?

A

Examine and label heart, learn mechanical work of heart, recognize heart noises in a stethoscope, determine blood pressure and heart rate, use an EKG, use a microscope to learn the appearance and locations of plant transport structures

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14
Q

Xylem

A

Transports water and dissolved substances upward from roots

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15
Q

Phloem

A

Transports organic compounds manufactured by the plant (like sugars and amino acids) up and down within the organism

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16
Q

What does the flow of fluids through xylem and phloem depend on?

A

Differences in water potential

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17
Q

Right atrium fills with blood from:

A

Body

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18
Q

Left atrium fills with blood from:

A

Lungs

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19
Q

Right ventricle takes blood to:

A

Lungs

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20
Q

Left ventricle takes blood to:

A

Body

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21
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

RA to RV

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22
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Heart tissue attached to flaps that keep them from being pushed back into atrium

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23
Q

Bicuspid valve

A

LA to LV

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24
Q

“Lub”

A

Created by turbulence from bicuspid/tricuspid valve closure

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25
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

RV to pulmonary artery

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26
Q

Aortic valve

A

LV to aorta

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27
Q

“Dub”

A

Created by turbulence from pulmonary/ aortic valve closure

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28
Q

Systolic pressure

A

first and higher; measures force of blood against brachial artery wall when LV contracts

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29
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

second and lower; measures force of blood against brachial artery wall when LV relaxes

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30
Q

Korotkoff sounds

A

: noises produced by turbulence that are detectable by stethoscope

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31
Q

SA Node

A

(segment of heart muscle tissue in the right atrium) depolarizes initially, current spreads out from the SA node and stimulated muscles of atria to contract (atria are electrically insulated from ventricles)

32
Q

AV Node

A

nest of tissues that allows for conduction down to the ventricles, delay happens, signal is passed on to Purkinje fibers which pass to ventricular muscle, then contraction

33
Q

What happens simultaneously?

A

Ventricular depolariation and atria repolarization

34
Q

P wave

A

Atrial depolarization

35
Q

QRS complex

A

Ventricular depolarization (atrial repolarization cannot be seen)

36
Q

T wave

A

Ventricular repolarization

37
Q

Vascular plants

A

Have internal transport systems

38
Q

Monocots

A

1 embryonic leaf, parallel leaf venation, multiples of 3 flowering parts

39
Q

Eudicots

A

2 embryonic leaves, netted leaf venation, multiples of 4/5 flowering parts

40
Q

Roots

A

Vascular transport tissue concentrated in center

41
Q

Monocot xylem

A

Forms a circle

42
Q

Eudicot xylem

A

Forms an X

43
Q

Monocot stem

A

Vascular bundles throughout

44
Q

Eudicot stem

A

Ring of vascular bundles

45
Q

Purpose of “Plant Hormones” lab

A

Examine the effects of indoleacetic acid and kinetin on the growth of new shoots in Alaska peas

46
Q

Which growth was manipulated?

A

Lateral growth

47
Q

Indoleacetic acid (IAA)

A

Auxin hormone; auxins stimulate cell elongation

48
Q

What was removed from each plant and why?

A

Apex of each pea plant; eliminated source of IAA

49
Q

High ratio IAA/Kinetin

A

Suppressed growth

50
Q

Low ratio IAA/Kinetin

A

Encourages growth

51
Q

Which “colors” could be compared?

A

Those with only one variable manipulated

52
Q

Value with no hormone added

A

1

53
Q

Value with hormone added

A

10

54
Q

Probability <0.05

A

Difference is likely due to treatment

55
Q

Probability ≥ 0.05

A

Difference is likely due to chance

56
Q

df equation

A

n_1+n_2 - 2

57
Q

s_u equation

A

√((s_1^2)/n_1 +(s_2^2)/n_2 )

58
Q

t equation

A

(x ̅_1-x ̅_2)/s_u

59
Q

Purpose of “Water Potential and Osmosis” lab

A

Determine the Ψ of potato cells by immersing potato tissues into solutions with different molarities of sucrose (which doesn’t diffuse across cell membranes)

60
Q

Independent variable in Water Potential lab

A

sucrose concentration

61
Q

Dependent variable in Water Potential lab

A

Percent change in mass

62
Q

Relationship between sucrose concentration and change in mass

A

Inversely related

63
Q

Diffusion

A

Movement of molecules in solution from high to low concentration

64
Q

Osmosis

A

Water diffuses through a semi-permeable membrane

65
Q

At what temperatures are molecules constantly in motion?

A

Those above absolute zero

66
Q

What happens with solutes are added to water?

A

Effective water concentration goes down because polar solutes tend to bind to water molecules and reduce their mobility, especially through a semi-permeable membrane

67
Q

Water potential (Ψ)

A

takes into account the effects of solutes in water and pressure; measure of the chemical potential of water in terms of free energy per mole of water, but expressed in terms of pressure (force per unit area, usually in bars2)

68
Q

Solute potential equation

A

Ψ_s=-iCRT

69
Q

Relationship between solute potential and solute concentration

A

Inversely related

70
Q

Equilibrium estimation

A

When C is about .2-.3M

71
Q

Role of pressure

A

When diffusion of water into a cell is prevented by built-up turgor pressure as water enters; as pressure builds, the cell becomes turgid and water cannot enter the cell

72
Q

Water potential equation

A

Ψ=Ψ_S+Ψ_P

73
Q

What happens as pressure builds up over time?

A

Cell walls become distended by increased cytoplasmic volume, but can withstand it

74
Q

Problem with animal cells

A

Will lyse in solutions with high Ψ due to a lack of cell walls (unable to resist stretching of cell membrane)

75
Q

When the temperature of the nerve chamber is lowered, which of the following occurs?

A

Oscilloscope peaks shift right

Biology 111 (8 decks)

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