Lab Practical #2 Flashcards
1
Q
Prototheria Characters, Order, and Families
A
- No teeth - No jugal - No Lacrimal - No auditory bullae Order: Monotremata Families: Ornithorhynchidae & Tachyglossidae
2
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Monotremata
Family: Ornithorhynchidae (platypus)
(AU)
Gen. Characters:
- anterior (open) separation of premaxila
- duckbilled snout
3
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Monotremata
Family: Tachyglossidae (echidna)
(AU & New Guinea)
Gen. Characters:
- closed premaxila
- snout slender long, rodlike
4
Q
Subclass: Theria characters
A
- Teeth present
- jugal present
- auditory bullae
lacrimal present
5
Q
Infraclass: Metatheria characters
A
- epipubic bones,
- inflicted AP
- Jugal forms part of Mandibular Fossa
- Fenestrated Palate
6
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Didelphimorphia
Family: Didelphidae (Opossum)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- Polydacttyly (all digits of the hind foot are free)
- Polyprodont ( multiple incisors of different sides) subequal in size
-5/4 incisors
-molars trituber cular
7
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Metatheria
Order: Didelphimorphia
Family: Didelphidae (Opossum)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- Polydacttyly (all digits of the hind foot are free)
- Polyprodont ( multiple incisors of different sides) subequal in size
- 5/4 incisors
- molars trituber cular
8
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Phalangeridae (Possum)
(AU)
Gen. Characters:
- no/smaller diastema
- diprotodont
- canines reduced in size
- last upper molar & premolar usually enlarged, projecting above molar crowns
9
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Phalangeridae (Possum)
(AU)
Gen. Characters:
- no/smaller diastema
- diprotodont
- canines reduced in size
- last upper molar & premolar usually enlarged, projecting above molar crowns
10
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae (kangaroos,wallabies)
(AU)
Gen. Characters:
- large diastema
-diprodont
- upper incisors subequal
11
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Order: Diprotodontia
Family: Macropodidae (kangaroos,wallabies)
(AU)
Gen. Characters:
- large diastema
- diprodont
- upper incisors subequal
12
Q
Infraclass: Eutheria characters
A
- No epipubic bone
No fenestrated palate
- Jugal does not form Mandibular Fossa
- No inflicted Angular Process
13
Q
Clade Xenarthra: Characters
A
-projections on vertebrate
14
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Xenarthra
Order: Cingulata
Family: Dasypodidae (armadillos)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- homodont cheekteeth
- keratinized scutes
15
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Order: Cingulata
Family: Dasypodidae (armadillos)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- homodont cheekteeth
- keratinized scutes
16
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloth)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- projections on jugal
- incomplete zygomatic arch
- all cheekteeth homodont (indistinguishable)
17
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Family: Bradypodidae (three-toed sloth)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- projections on jugal
- incomplete zygomatic arch
- all cheekteeth homodont (indistinguishable)
18
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Family: Myrmecophagidae(ant-eater)
(CA,SA)
Gen. Characters:
- no teeth
- incomplete zygomatic arch
- slull elongate, curving downward
19
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Xenarthra
Order: Pilosa
Family: Myrmecophagidae (ant-eater)
(CA,SA)
Gen. Characters:
- no teeth
- incomplete zygomatic arch
- slull elongate, curving downward
20
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Afrotheria
Order: Tublidentata
Family: Orycteropodidae (Aardvark)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- cheekteeth homodont, columnar consisting of numerous vertical tubes of dentine in a matrix of pulp
- incomplete zygomatic arch
- slull elongate, curving downward
21
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Afrotheria
Order: Tublidentata
Family: Orycteropodidae (Aardvark)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- cheekteeth homodont, columnar consisting of numerous vertical tubes of dentine in a matrix of pulp
22
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Afrotheria
Order: Macroscelidea
Family: Macroscelididae (elephant shrew)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- only eutherian w/ palatal fenestrations in teeth
23
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Afrotheria
Order: Macroscelididea
Family: Macroscelididae (elephant shrew)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- only eutherian w/ palatal fenestrations in teeth
24
Q
A
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Panenungulata
Order: Hyracoidea
Family: Procavaiidae (hyrax)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- upper incisor, evergrowing, tusk-like, composed chietly or entirely of detine
- 1/2 I
25
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Panenungulata
Order: Hyracoidea
Family: Procavaiidae (hyrax)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- upper incisor, evergrowing, tusk-like, composed chietly or entirely of detine
- 1/2 I
26
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Panenungulata
Order: Proboscidea
Family: Elephantidae (elephant)
(AF)
Gen. Characters:
- long proboscis
27
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Panenungulata
Order: Sirenia
Family: (Dugong)
(AU,AS,AF)
Gen. Characters:
- upper incisor tusk-like
- tail fluke dolphin like
28
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Panenungulata
Order: Sirenia
Family: Trichechidae (manatee)
(AF,NW)
Gen. Characters:
- no upper incisor
- tail fluke evenly rounded
29
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Lagomorpha
Family: Ochotonidae (pika)
(NA,AS,EU)
Gen. Characters:
- no supraorbital process
- maxila fenestrated
30
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
**Order: Lagomorpha**
**Family: Leporidae (rabbit)**
(WW,exAU)
Gen. Characters:
- supraorbital process present, fanshaped
- two pair of incisors, second pair small
31
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Aplodontiidae (mountain beaver)
(NA)
Gen. Characters:
- Jaw musculature protogomorphus (perfect circles, IOF)
32
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Aplodontiidae (mountain beaver)
(NA)
Gen. Characters:
- Jaw musculature protogomorphus (perfect circles,
33
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Sciuromorpha
Family: Sciuridae (squirrel)
(ww,exAu)
Gen. Characters:
- post-orbital process of these sciurid rodents
34
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Family: Castoridae (mountain beaver)
(NA)
Gen. Characters:
- tail long broad naked & scaly
- distinct depression in basiocciptial
35
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Family: Geomyidae (pocket gopher)
(Nw)
Gen. Characters:
- external furlined pouches
- infraorbital canal compressed against side of rostrum
- IOF Semi periced
36
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Castorimorpha
Family: Heteromyidae (kangaroo rat)
(Nw)
Gen. Characters:
- external furlined pouches
- infraorbital canal compressed against side of rostrum
- IOF perforates rostrum
- inflated auditory bullae
37
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Myomorpha
Family: Dipodidae (jumping mice)
(NA,EA)
Gen. Characters:
- infraorbital (oval large, opening anteriorly
- body small like kangaroo
- hind limbs elongate
- very long tail
- no external pouch
38
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Suborder: Myomorpha
Family: Dipodidae (jumping mice)
(NA,EA,AS,AF,EU)
Gen. Characters:
- infraorbital (oval large, opening anteriorly
- body small like kangaroo
- hind limbs elongate
- very long tail
39
_Subclass_: Theria
_Infraclass_: Eutheria
_Clade_: Euarchontoglires
_Order_: Rodentia
_Suborder_: Myomorpha
_Family_: Cricetidae
_Subfamily_: Arvicolinae (lemmings,muskrat)
(NA,EA)
_Gen. Characters:_
- ocuclusal surface flat prism"x-mas tree" cheekteeth
- short tail limbs, robust body
- true myomorphus
40
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Suborder: Myomorpha**
**Family: Cricetidae**
**Subfamily: Arvicolinae (lemmings,muskrat)**
**(NA,EA)**
Gen. Characters:
***-ocuclusal surface flat prism"x-mas tree" cheekteeth***
- short tail limbs, robust body
- true myomorphus
41
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Suborder: Myomorpha**
**Family: Cricetidae**
**Subfamily: Neotominae (rats & mice)**
**(NA)**
Gen. Characters:
- flat occusal surface, non-prismatic w/ rounded cusp
- 2 cusp rows
- furry tails
42
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Family: Muridae**
**Subfamily: Murinae** (old world rat)
(ww)
Gen. Characters:
-**3 main cusps running length of tooth row (looks like hump in the middle**
**- scaly tails**
43
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Family: Muridae**
**Subfamily: Murina**e (old world rat)
(ww)
Gen. Characters:
- **3 main cusps running length of tooth row (looks like hump in the middle**
- scaly tails
44
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
Family: Hystricomorpha
Subfamily: Erethizontidae (NW Porcupines)
(NW)
Gen. Characters:
- large infraorbital canal (hystricomorphus)
- folds (mitochondria) cheek teeth
45
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Family: Hystricomorpha**
**Subfamily: Erethizontidae (NW Porcupines)**
**(NW)**
Gen. Characters:
- large infraorbital canal (hystricomorphus)
- folds (mitochondria) cheek teeth
46
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Rodentia
**Family: Hystricomorpha**
**Subfamily: Chinchillidae (Chinchillas)**
(SA)
Gen. Characters:
- large infraorbital canal (hystricomorphus)
- large auidtory bullae
- transverse plates on cheekteeth
47
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
**Order: Dermoptera**
**Family: Cynocephalidae (Culugo,flying lemur)**
(AS)
Gen. Characters:
**-two inner lower incisors on each side wide, comb like (pectinate**)
-gliding membrane stretching from neck to lower digits
48
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
**Order: Scandentia**
**Family: Tupaiidae (Tree Shrew)**
**(AS)**
Gen. Characters:
- **postorbital process large(glasses), contacting zy arch to complete postorb. bar**
- perforated zygomatic arch
49
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Primates
**Suborder: Strepsirrhini**
**Family: Lemuridae (Lemurs)**
(MA)
Gen. Characters:
- presence of tooth comb, composed of lower c & I
- POB complete, but orbital & temporal openings broadly confluent
- ischial butt & philtrum, Rhinarium
50
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
**Order: Primates**
**Suborder: Haplorrrhini**
**Family: Atelidae** (Spider, Howler Monkey)
(SA,CA)
Gen. Characters:
**- 3PM & 3M = 6 cheekteeth**
- AB does not extend as long tube
- naked where grasping
51
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Primates
**Suborder: Haplorrrhini**
**Family: Cercopithecidae (Baboon)**
(EU,AF,AS)
Gen. Characters:
**- 1st lower premolar angled**
-naked butt
52
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Euarchontoglires
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorrrhini
Family: Hominidae (Human)
(WW)
Gen. Characters:
- no angular first lower premolar
- auidtory bullae extending laterally as tube
53
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
**Clade: Laurasiatheria**
**Order: Soricomorpha**
**Family: Soricidae (WWexAU) {white-toed shrew}**
**CH:**
- Condyloid process with two condyles
- On inside of condyle protrusions
- No zygomatic arch
- No osssified auditory bullae
- First upper incisor large, hooked, and with cusp at proximal base of tooth
54
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Soricomorpha**
**Family: Talpidae (moles) {NA,EU,AS}**
**CH:**
- Zygomatic arch complete and slender
- Incomplete auditory bulla
- Simple incisors (1st large)
- Humorous blocky
55
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Chiroptera**
**Family: Pteropodidae (OW) {flying fox}**
**CH:**
- Dog-like muzzle
- Simple pinna surrounding ear opening
- Second digit forelimb free of 3rd and usually clawed
- postorbital processes large (post-orbital bar in some but not common)
- Angular process of lower jaw absent or low
- No tragus in ear
56
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Chiroptera**
**Family: Phyllostomidae (NW) {NW leaf-nosed bat}**
**CH:**
**- Pre**maxillae with nasal and palatal branches, fused to each other
No postorbital process
57
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Chiroptera**
**Family:Molossidae (WW) {Free-tailed bat}**
**CH:**
***- Free tail (long tail)***
***-Tail extends well beyond margin of relatively short uropatagium***
**- Poorly developed tragus**
**- Premaxillae separated or united, fused to maxillae with or without palatal branches**
58
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Chiroptera**
**Family:Vespertilonidae (WW) {common bat}**
**CH:**
**- Tragus present, and prominent **
**-** pinnae variable
- premaxillae separated, but fused to maxillae, only natal branches
59
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Pholidota**
**Family: Manidae (AS,AF) {Pangolin)**
**CH:**
**-No teeth**
**-Incomplete Zygomatic Arch**
**-no jugal or interparietal bone**
**-Palate long & narrow**
**- Pterygoids separate (free), not forming part of palate**
**- No extra zygapophyses on vertebrae**
60
Order Carnivora
**Characteristics**
- Biggish
- May have carnassials
**Transverse cylindrical mandibular condyle**
- A lot of attachment to the skull
- A lot of jaw pressure
**Alisphenoid canal**
- 6 have it , 6 don
- Ventral surgace of skull
61
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Feliformia**
**Family: Felidae (WWexAU) {cats}**
CH:
**- Claws sharp, strongly curved**
**- 5/4 digits but polex located on side of foot not in contact wtih ground**
**- Postorbital processes**
**- No alisphenoid canal**
**-Carnassials well-developed, blade-like**
**- Last upper molar tiny and round**
**- no baculum**
62
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Feliformia**
**Family: Herpestidae (OW) {Mongoose}**
**CH:**
**-Complete postorbitsl bar present**
**-Alisphenoid canal present!**
**-Bulla large, devision between ectotympanic and entotympanic horizontal**
63
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Feliformia**
**Family: Hyaenidae (AS,AF) {Aardwolf & Hyena)**
**CH:**
* **Skull massive (hyenas) or delicate (aardwolf), rostrum relatively long**
* **5 upper cheekteeth**
- Compare to 4 or fewer in felids
* **No alisphenoid canal**
* **Upper molar ver small, round or elongate if present**
64
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Feliformia**
**Family: Viverridae (AS,AF) {Civets}**
**CH:**
* **Tails long (equal to body), well furred but tappering**
**- Most sp have stripes, spots or bands on body**
**- Tails often ringged with contrasting colors**
* **Alisphenoid canal present**
* **Bulla with dominant entotympanic chamber and diagonal septum between ectotympanic and entotympanic**
* **No postorbital bar**
65
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Canidae**
**CH:**
* **Alisphenoid canal present**
* **6 or more cheekteeth**
* **no constricted AB**
66
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family:Ursidae (Bears) {WWexAU}**
**CH:**
* Alisphenoid canal present
* Carnassial pair bunodont, crushing not slicing
* Last upper molar v large
* Baculum present and well developed
67
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Mephitidae (WWexAU) {skunks,stink badger}**
**CH:**
* **Black and white**
* **Blade-like carnassials**
* **No alisphenoid canal**
* **Last upper molar square**
* **Palat extends to toothrow edge**
* **Baculum small**
68
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Odobenidae (walrus) {AO}**
**_CH:_**
* **Upper canines tusks**
* **No lower incisors**
* **Occipital condyles flare widely, placed below foramen magnum**
* **Upper incisors small (Incisors)1-2/0**
* **Alisphenoid canal present**
* **Cheekteeth simple, peg-like**
* **Baculum well developed**
69
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Mustelidae (wolverine,badger,otter,ferrets,weasels) {WWexAU}**
**_CH:_**
* **No alisphenoid canal**
* **Upper molar large**
* **Baculum well developed**
* **otter skull purple at times**
70
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Procyonidae (racoon) {NW}**
**_CH:_**
* **No alisphenoid canal**
* **Carnassials poorly developed, upper molars usually with protocone and hypocone**
* **Last upper molar relatively large**
* **Cheekteeth bunodont or secodont**
* **6 Cheekeeth**
* **Baculum well developed**
71
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Otarridae (sealions) {AO}**
**_CH:_**
* **Alisphenoid canal present**
* **Pinna present (absent in other pinnapeds)**
* **Supraorbital process well developed (absent or rudimentary in others)**
* **Baculum well developed**
72
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Order: Canivora**
**Suborder: Caniformia**
**Family: Phocidae (AO) {harbor seal}**
**_CH:_**
**External characteristics Characteristics**
* **Body usually spotted or banded**
* **Hind limbs extended posteriorly**
* **Claws present on digits of forefoot and usually on hindfoot; skin on flipper not extending beyond nails**
**Skeletal Characteristics**
* **No alisphenoid canal!!!**
* **Postorbital process lacking or poorly developed**
* **Cheekteeth usually with three longitudinal cusps**
* **Upper incisors not grooved**
* **Baculum well developed**
73
**Order Perissodactyla “odd toed ungulates”**
**Order Perissodactyla “odd toed ungulates”**
**Characteristics**
* **Foot posture unguligrade**
* **Mesaxonic middle (3rd) digit big**
* **Astragalus with single pulley-like proximal facet**
* **Weight bearing pulley kneecap**
* **Alisphenoid canal present**
* **Nasal bones wide posteriorly**
74
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Order: Perissodactyla**
**Family: Tapiridae (SA,AS) {Tapir}**
**_CH_**:
* **Forefront with four digits (but 4th reduced), hindfoot with three**
* **Snout modified into movable proboscis**
* **Nasal opening of skull very large and recesses**
* **Nasal bones short, triangular, projecting freely - heart shaped**
* **Incisors chiseled-shaped**
75
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Order: Perissodactyla**
**Family: Rhinocerotidae (AS,AF) {Rhino}**
**_CH:_**
* **3 digits on all feet**
* **Head concave dorsally**
* **1 or two simple horns located near snout**
* **Nasals large, thickened, and rugose for support of horn**
76
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Order: Perissodactyla**
**Family: Equidae (EU,AS,AF} {horses}**
**_CH:_**
* **Feet with only one distinct digit**
* **Mane present, bushy**
* **Orbit enclosed by postorbital bar**
* **Continuous with temporal fossa in other perissodactyls)**
* **Orbits small**
* **Enclosed in bony ring**
* **Nasal bones long and narrow**
77
**Superorder Cetartiodactyla (426)**
**Order Artiodactyla (427-429) “even toed ungulates”**
**Characteristics**
**Characteristics**
* **Foot posture digitigrade (camels) or unguligade**
* **Paraxonic**
* **2 principal (weight bearing) digits present**
* **2 or 4 digits on all feet**
* **No alisphenoid canal**
78
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Euugulata
**Order: Perissodactyla**
**Suborder: Suina**
**Family: Suidae (WWexAU) {pigs}**
79
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Suina**
**Family: Tayassuidae {NW} (peccaries)**
**_CH:_**
* **Paroccipital process small**
* **Canines directed downward, w/ sharp edges**
80
Subclade Mysticeti (464-465) “baleen whales” “mustache whales”
**Characteristics**
* **No teeth**
* **teeth present in fetus, lost before birth**
* **Baleen present, either continuous anteriorly (Balaenopteridae) or with an anterior gap (all other gamolies)**
* **Two external nasal openings (blowholes) present, slit-like, located anterior to eye**
* **Facial profile of skull convex, with no fatty “melon” present**
* **Holds 400 baleen on either side of skull**
* **Skull more or less symmetrical**
* **Lower jaw loosely joined by ligaments at symphysis**
* **Do not echolocate**
* **Two blowhole**
81
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Whippomorpha**
**Family: Whippotamidae (Hippo) {AF}**
**_CH:_**
* **Mouth very large, extremely large gap**
* **Incisors large, directed anteriorly**
* **Tusk-like**
* **Canines v large, tusk-like, upper canines smaller than lower**
82
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Clade: Cetacea**
**Subclade: Mysticeti**
**Family: Balaenidae {AO} (bowhead whales)**
**_CH:_**
* **Huge head, making up ⅓ of body length**
* **Skull strongly bowed in lateral view**
* **Color- dark gray to black**
* **White patches often on chin**
* **Body chunk, robust (up to 18.5 m long and 67 metric tons**
* **Flippers shorty and rounded with 5 digits (4 in other cetaceans)**
* **Dorsal fin absent**
* **Rostrum arched to accommodate long baleen plates**
* **No longitudinal grooves or furrows, in skin of throat**
* **Baleen plates long and narrow**
83
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Clade: Cetacea**
**Subclade: Mysticeti**
**Family: Balaenopteridae**
**CH:**
* **Color gray to black with white mottling**
* **Dorsal fin absent (small bumps if present)**
* **Throat with two (occasionally 3 or 4) longitudinal grooves in skin**
* **Baleen plates short, narrow**
* **Rostrum relatively narrow, slightly arched**
84
**Subclade Odontoceti (474) “toothed whales”**
**Characteristics**
* **Teeth present**
* **Simple homodont, monophyodont**
* **No baleen**
* **1 nasal opening present**
* **Two blowholes**
* **One is modified to make whistles**
* **Became a series of airsacts that pushes air around to make the clicks and whistles**
* **Recycles air for communication**
* **Facial profile of skull concave with depression occupied by a fatty organ “melon”**
* **Used in echolocation**
* **Skull usually asymmetrical**
* **Symphysis**
* **Lower jaw firmly fused**
* **Fusion of mandible**
* **Pan-bone**
* **Scoop inside lower jaw**
* **Travels through fat into lower ear**
* **Fatty pinna**
* **Echolocate**
85
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Clade: Cetacea**
**Subclade: Odontoceti**
**Family: Delphinidae**
**_CH:_**
* **Most diverse group of cetaceans**
* **Over 36 spp in 17 genera**
* **Dorsal fin usually present (absent in Lissodelphis), pointed or falcate (hooked) in shape**
* **Snout variable**
* **With distinct beak sharply differentiated from forehead or with bulging forehead and no beak, or with long snout merging continuously iht forehead**
* **All ones up here have short nose**
* **No boss on premaxilla**
* **Teeth simple, conical**
* **Range from 0/2-65/58 in number**
86
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Clade: Cetacea**
**Subclade: Odontoceti**
**Family: Phocoenidae (porpoises) (AO)**
**_CH:_**
* **Dorsal fin usually present (absent in Neophocaena, finless porpoise)**
* **Triangular**
* **Snout without distinct beak**
* **Premaxilla with prominent swelling**
* **Boss bones**
* **(anterior to nasal opening)**
* **Teeth usually spade-like**
87
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Clade: Cetacea**
**Subclade: Odontoceti**
**Family: Physeteridae (spermwhale)**
**CH:**
**Dorsal ridge instead of a true fin**
**snout very large, blunt, undifferentiated from the rest of the head**
* **Body robust (length 2-20 m)**
* **Skull strongly asymmetrical**
* **Left nasal passage much larger than right one**
* **No boss on premaxilla**
* **Long, fused, lower-jaw Symphysis**
* **(comprising ⅓ of length of jaws in Physeter)**
* **Teeth simple, conical**
88
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
**Clade: Euugulata**
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Tylopoda**
**Family: Camelidae (Camel) )SA, AS, AF)**
**CH:**
* **Nails present**
* **No hoofs**
* **Cannon bone on all limbs**
* **Fusion of the ulna and radius**
* **In camelidae, the cannon bone splits up the middle**
* **Fusion not complete on distal end**
* **Compare to Equidae and Sweinidae.**
* **No horns or antlers**
* **Postorbital bar complete**
* **One pair of upper incisors present in adults**
* **Caniniform**
* **“fake-canine”**
89
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Euugulata
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Tylopoda**
**Family: Antilocapridae (pronghorn) (NA)**
**_CH:_**
* **Pronghorns**
* **No antlers, just bones covered by keretinized sheath that is fornked in mature individuals, sheath shed annually**
* **No lacrimal depression (absent)**
* **nasolacrimal gap present**
* **Upper canines absent**
90
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Euugulata
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Tylopoda**
**Family: Cervidae WWexAU**
**_CH:_**
* **Antlers only in males**
* **Usually branched**
* **Bony core sheathed in skin and fur “velvet” while growing**
* **Antler and velvet shed separately**
* **Usually annually**
* **Antlers grow from pedicel**
* **Lacrimal depression present**
* **Nasolacrimal opening**
* **2 Lacrimal foramen (foraminae) present**
* **On the side of the orbit or outside**
* **Nasal and lacrimal separated by large oblong opening or fenestration**
* **Nasolacrimal gap**
91
Subclass: Theria
Infraclass: Eutheria
Clade: Laurasiatheria
Clade: Euugulata
**Superorder: Cetartiodactyla**
**Order: Artiodactyla**
**Suborder: Tylopoda**
**Family: Giraffidae**
**ch:**
* **Two permanent bony “horns” or ossicones develop from distinct centers of ossification in the dermis**
