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Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are mammals?

A
  • Vertebrates -Fur -Mammary Glands -Endothermic -Almost all give live birth -middle ear bone -sweat gland
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2
Q

Early Greek & Roman Naturalists

A

Hippocrates: (460-377 BC) -among earliest recorded natural historians Aristotle: (383-322 BC) -“Scale of Nature” : early classification scheme Albertus Magnus” (priest) -made progress in anatomy in the 1200s Carolus Linnaeus: (1707-1778) Systema Naturae/ Hierarchical classification, Bionomial nomenclature

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3
Q

Major Explorations in US and other main countries

A

Lewis & Clark: (1804-1806) -sent by Thomas Jefferson Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace: (1858) proposed the mechanism of evolution- Natural Selection Alexander von Humboldt: Great explorer & Naturalist of his age

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4
Q

Drivers for understanding mammals & major industries

A

Trappers, fur traders, and whalers - Museums & Zoos

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5
Q

New Species of Mammals

A

Humboldt’s Flying Squirrel, Pygmy Sloth, and Guito.

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6
Q

Where diversity?new species are to be found:

A

Equatorial Africa: - Congo Basin Indonesia/Papua New Guinea: Amazonia:

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7
Q

ASM, influential personnel:

A

American Society of Mammals 1919: Joseph Grinnell: - First director of UC Berkeley, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Annie Montague Alexander -philanthropist & paleontologist Locals & Me!

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8
Q

Fields in Mammalogy:

A

Taxonomy, Systematics, and Natural History.

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9
Q

Subclass Prototheria

A

-no auditory bulla -premaxillae separated for at least part of their length -no jugal -no teeth

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10
Q

Subclass Theria

A

-auditory bulla -jugal - teeth -Lacrimal present

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11
Q

Infraclass Metatheria

A

-jugal forming part of mandibular fossa - angular process of lower jaw inflected -palatine bones with large vacuities -Post cranial, epipubic bones present

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12
Q

Infraclass Eutheria

A

-Epipubic bone not present -Jugal not forming part of mandibular fossa -angular process not inflected -palatal vacutities not present - no stylr shelf

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13
Q

Intra

A

within, inside

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14
Q

Inter

A

between, among

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15
Q

Sub

A

under, below

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16
Q

Super

A

Above

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17
Q

Basio

A

Foundation, base, step

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18
Q

Post

A

behind, after

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19
Q

George G. Simpson Simpson’s Classification:

A

Influential Paleontologist, major change in Evolution • “New Synthesis” • Evolutionary taxonomy • Order Insectivora- expected to change, Why? • Order Artiodactyla- unexpected change, modified due to incorporation of molecular data

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20
Q

“crown group”

A
  • group including all descendants from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA)
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21
Q

“stem group”

A
  • group including extinct lineages which diverged prior to ancestors
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22
Q

Prototherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(Fossils Appeared in Cretaceous) • Lack teeth • Lack lacrimal • Lack jugal • Lack auditory bullae • Complex pectoral girdle Order Monotremata (5 species) - Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) -Family Tachyglossidae (Echidna)

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23
Q

Therian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(late Jurassic ~ 160 MYA) • Teeth present • Lacrimal present • Jugal present • Auditory bullae present • Simple pectoral girdle

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24
Q

Eutherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(late Jurassic ~ 160 MYA) • Epipubic Bone • Jugal not forming part of mandibular fossa • Angular Process not inflected (teeth) • Palatal vacuities usually not present - no styler shelf Clade Xenartha..

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25
Metatherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:
( Fossils Early Cretaceous ~ 125 MYA) • Jugal forms part of mandibular fossa • Inflected angular processes • Fenestrated palate • Choriovitelline placenta 334 extant species • Distributed in Australia and South America • ~70% of species in Australia • Remaining ~100 species in South and Central America
26
Clades:
Xenarthra, Euarchontoglires, Afrotheria, & Laurasiatheria
27
Xenarthra:
~40 sp. {Armadillos,Sloths,and Anteater} (N,Central, & South America)
28
Euarchontoglires
Order Demoptera 2-12 sp~ {Colugo/Flying Lemurs}(SE Asia)
29
Afrotheria
Order Tenrecoidea ~30 spp 'Insectivores' Two Families: Chrysochloridae (golden mole) & Tenrecidae (tenrecs).
30
Laurasiatheria
Order Erinaceomorpha & Soricomorpha ~360 sp {Moles, shrews, solenodons,hedgehogs}(Laurasian=Eurasia following break of Pangea)
31
Natural Selection:
the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in heritable traits.
32
Largest Diversity
Ethiopian: (52) families & (18) endemic families {primate endemism - in Madagascar}
33
Differences btwn Reptilian & Mammailan Skull
Reptiles have lots of unfused bones on Skull, not single dentary; one bone in the middle ear Mammals: one single dentary bone (lower jaw); 3 bones in the middle ear
34
What did mammals evolve from?
• Synapsids – Paleozoic Era ~320 MYA in North America – Lineage that led to mammals occurred in the Late Triassic ~225 MYA • Cynodontia – Triassic to Jurassic – Transitional anatomy
35
Early Prototherians
Heterodont modern day = no teeth
36
Early Therians
Tribosphenic Molars
37
Diversification time & reasons
Nearly all mammals have origins in the Cenozoic (~65 MYA) Diversifaction events: Pangea & Dino Extinction
38
Changes found in Cenozoic:
1. Temporal opening 2. Dentary bone 3. Expansion of premax and maxilla 4. Heterodont dentition 5. Two occipital condyles 6. Limb rotation 7. Cervical and lumbar ribs lost 8. Carpals and tarsals reduced
39
Lower jaw made up of a single dentary on each side
40
Three middle ear (bones) ossicles
-these are derived from the jaw bones in reptilian ancestors
41
Dentary-squamosal articulation
-very strong joint
42
Double occipital condyles
-strengthens contact with vertebral column yet flexible in two planes
43
Hard secondary palate
-keeps nasal cavity from collapsing when mouth is full of food -can eat and breath at the same time -talk with our mouth full
44
Heterodont dentition
-individuals have different types of teeth serving different functions (shearing, grinding, piercing, gnawing etc.)
45
Dentition
Tooth structures & Occlusal Surfaces
46
Occlusal Surfaces
47
Dentition-tooth position and structure
48
Dentition-Specialized Molar Cusps
49
Dentition-Specialized Molar Cusps: ## Footnote **Plagiaulacoid/cone**
* Bladelike cone teeth * Restricted to some marsupials
50
Dental Formula
51
Dentition-Terms for Lab
• Brachydont • Hypsodont – Referring to relative proportions of rown to roots
52
• What is biogeography?
• Study of the distribution of species (both living and extinct) around the world.
53
• Historical biogeography & Example
- change through time • Long-beaked echidna (genus Zaglossus) evidence from fossil samples found in Austraila & cave paintings
54
Biogeographic Regions
* Palearctic * Nearctic * Neotropical * Ethiopian * Oriental * Australian * Oceanic
55
Nearctic
• 2nd largest faunal region • Total of 37 families • Only two endemic families • Moderate diversity • Cold • Shares 50% with Palearctic and Neotropical
56
Neotropical
• Central to South America, includes Carribean Islands • High familial diversity (50) • Greatest number of endemic families (19) • Long period of isolation and warm climate likely drove diversification
57
Ethiopian
• Africa south of Saharan Desert, including Madagascar • Connects to Palearctic via the Sahara • Much familial diversity (52) • Many endemic families (18) • Much primate endemism- particularly in Madagascar
58
Australian
• Includes Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi and associated islands • Number of families: 28 • Endemic families: 17 • Long period of low diversity but high endemism
59
Oceanic
* Islands of Pacific Ocean * Greatly isolated * Not including oceanic mammals
60
Palearctic
42 families • 0 endemic families
61
Oriental Region
• Contains 3 biodiversity hotspots • Indochina • Sundaland • Philippines • Great examples of biogeographic processes • Number of families: 50 • Endemic families: 4
62
Abiotic processes
* Plate tectonics and continental drift * Climate changes * Ice ages * Refugia * Anthropogenic
63
Biotic Processes
• Dispersal • Ecological- movements within the lifetime of an individual • Passive- rafting events (sweepstakes) • Active- accumulation of ecological dispersal events (powered by the animal itself)
64
Extinction and Diversification
Extinction-reduces species richness of a clade • Background- incidental loss from habitat loss, competition, predation etc. • Mass- simultaneous, catastrophic and world-wide loss of species • Diversification- increases species richness of a clade
65
• Convergent evolution-
ecologically similar species arising from different ancestors Ex. Afrotherian & Laurasiatheria (mole-like,hedgehog-like,fully aquatic, and ant-eating)
66
• Vicariance-
process by which the geographical range of a species is split into discontinuous parts by a biotic barrier to gene flow
67
Dispersal-
the movement of a species from one location to another
68
• Regionalization
estimation of boundaries between areas of endemism
69
The Great American Interchange what,why,when?
65 MYA ~Cenozoic era • Groups in SA prior to GAI: • Marsupials • Condylarths • Both likely arrived via sweepstakes event from NA • Xenarthrans thought to have evolved in SA • Cebids and hystricognath rodents arrived via sweepstakes from Africa • While isolated groups radiated into a variety of species-Opossums & Platyrrhini
70
Ecogeographic patterns/rules • Island Rule
• Island Rule
71
• Allen’s Rule-
correlation of ear length with air temperatures in foxes and hares
72
Gloger’s Rule-
pelage differences between species found in high latitudes versus low, darker color morphs in certain habitats
73
Gradients in Species Diversity
• Latitudinal Gradient- global ecological pattern
74
Gradients in Species Diversity Elevational-
two major patterns • low elevation holds highest diversity of species • alternative mid-elevations have highest species diversity
75
Mid-domain hypothesis
Small mammals in the Philippines follow a mid-elevation diversity peak
76
Low-elevation diversity
• Andes of South America shows highest diversity of bats at low elevations, but mice at mid-elevations • Evidence that each mountain could have different pattern • Interesting to consider biases

Mammalogy (3 decks)

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