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Mammalogy > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are mammals?

A
  • Vertebrates -Fur -Mammary Glands -Endothermic -Almost all give live birth -middle ear bone -sweat gland
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2
Q

Early Greek & Roman Naturalists

A

Hippocrates: (460-377 BC) -among earliest recorded natural historians Aristotle: (383-322 BC) -“Scale of Nature” : early classification scheme Albertus Magnus” (priest) -made progress in anatomy in the 1200s Carolus Linnaeus: (1707-1778) Systema Naturae/ Hierarchical classification, Bionomial nomenclature

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3
Q

Major Explorations in US and other main countries

A

Lewis & Clark: (1804-1806) -sent by Thomas Jefferson Charles Darwin & Alfred Wallace: (1858) proposed the mechanism of evolution- Natural Selection Alexander von Humboldt: Great explorer & Naturalist of his age

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4
Q

Drivers for understanding mammals & major industries

A

Trappers, fur traders, and whalers - Museums & Zoos

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5
Q

New Species of Mammals

A

Humboldt’s Flying Squirrel, Pygmy Sloth, and Guito.

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6
Q

Where diversity?new species are to be found:

A

Equatorial Africa: - Congo Basin Indonesia/Papua New Guinea: Amazonia:

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7
Q

ASM, influential personnel:

A

American Society of Mammals 1919: Joseph Grinnell: - First director of UC Berkeley, Museum of Vertebrate Zoology Annie Montague Alexander -philanthropist & paleontologist Locals & Me!

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8
Q

Fields in Mammalogy:

A

Taxonomy, Systematics, and Natural History.

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9
Q

Subclass Prototheria

A

-no auditory bulla -premaxillae separated for at least part of their length -no jugal -no teeth

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10
Q

Subclass Theria

A

-auditory bulla -jugal - teeth -Lacrimal present

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11
Q

Infraclass Metatheria

A

-jugal forming part of mandibular fossa - angular process of lower jaw inflected -palatine bones with large vacuities -Post cranial, epipubic bones present

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12
Q

Infraclass Eutheria

A

-Epipubic bone not present -Jugal not forming part of mandibular fossa -angular process not inflected -palatal vacutities not present - no stylr shelf

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13
Q

Intra

A

within, inside

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14
Q

Inter

A

between, among

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15
Q

Sub

A

under, below

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16
Q

Super

A

Above

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17
Q

Basio

A

Foundation, base, step

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18
Q

Post

A

behind, after

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19
Q

George G. Simpson Simpson’s Classification:

A

Influential Paleontologist, major change in Evolution • “New Synthesis” • Evolutionary taxonomy • Order Insectivora- expected to change, Why? • Order Artiodactyla- unexpected change, modified due to incorporation of molecular data

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20
Q

“crown group”

A
  • group including all descendants from the most recent common ancestor (MRCA)
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21
Q

“stem group”

A
  • group including extinct lineages which diverged prior to ancestors
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22
Q

Prototherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(Fossils Appeared in Cretaceous) • Lack teeth • Lack lacrimal • Lack jugal • Lack auditory bullae • Complex pectoral girdle Order Monotremata (5 species) - Family Ornithorhynchidae (platypus) -Family Tachyglossidae (Echidna)

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23
Q

Therian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(late Jurassic ~ 160 MYA) • Teeth present • Lacrimal present • Jugal present • Auditory bullae present • Simple pectoral girdle

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24
Q

Eutherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

(late Jurassic ~ 160 MYA) • Epipubic Bone • Jugal not forming part of mandibular fossa • Angular Process not inflected (teeth) • Palatal vacuities usually not present - no styler shelf Clade Xenartha..

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25
Q

Metatherian Characters, Diversity, & Fossil Record:

A

( Fossils Early Cretaceous ~ 125 MYA) • Jugal forms part of mandibular fossa • Inflected angular processes • Fenestrated palate • Choriovitelline placenta 334 extant species • Distributed in Australia and South America • ~70% of species in Australia • Remaining ~100 species in South and Central America

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26
Q

Clades:

A

Xenarthra, Euarchontoglires, Afrotheria, & Laurasiatheria

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27
Q

Xenarthra:

A

~40 sp. {Armadillos,Sloths,and Anteater} (N,Central, & South America)

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28
Q

Euarchontoglires

A

Order Demoptera 2-12 sp~ {Colugo/Flying Lemurs}(SE Asia)

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29
Q

Afrotheria

A

Order Tenrecoidea ~30 spp ‘Insectivores’ Two Families: Chrysochloridae (golden mole) & Tenrecidae (tenrecs).

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30
Q

Laurasiatheria

A

Order Erinaceomorpha & Soricomorpha ~360 sp {Moles, shrews, solenodons,hedgehogs}(Laurasian=Eurasia following break of Pangea)

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31
Q

Natural Selection:

A

the differential survival and reproduction of individuals due to differences in heritable traits.

32
Q

Largest Diversity

A

Ethiopian: (52) families & (18) endemic families {primate endemism - in Madagascar}

33
Q

Differences btwn Reptilian & Mammailan Skull

A

Reptiles have lots of unfused bones on Skull, not single dentary; one bone in the middle ear

Mammals: one single dentary bone (lower jaw); 3 bones in the middle ear

34
Q

What did mammals evolve from?

A

• Synapsids
– Paleozoic Era ~320 MYA in North America
– Lineage that led to mammals occurred in the Late
Triassic ~225 MYA
• Cynodontia
– Triassic to Jurassic
– Transitional anatomy

35
Q

Early Prototherians

A

Heterodont

modern day = no teeth

36
Q

Early Therians

A

Tribosphenic Molars

37
Q

Diversification time & reasons

A

Nearly all mammals have origins in the Cenozoic (~65 MYA)

Diversifaction events:

Pangea & Dino Extinction

38
Q

Changes found in Cenozoic:

A
  1. Temporal opening
  2. Dentary bone
  3. Expansion of premax and maxilla
  4. Heterodont dentition
  5. Two occipital condyles
  6. Limb rotation
  7. Cervical and lumbar ribs lost
  8. Carpals and tarsals reduced
39
Q

Lower jaw made up of a single dentary
on each side

A
40
Q

Three middle ear (bones) ossicles

A

-these are
derived from
the jaw bones
in reptilian
ancestors

41
Q

Dentary-squamosal articulation

A

-very strong joint

42
Q

Double occipital condyles

A

-strengthens contact
with vertebral column
yet flexible in two
planes

43
Q

Hard secondary palate

A

-keeps nasal cavity from collapsing when mouth is
full of food
-can eat and breath at the same time
-talk with our mouth full

44
Q

Heterodont dentition

A

-individuals have different types of teeth serving different
functions (shearing, grinding, piercing, gnawing etc.)

45
Q

Dentition

A

Tooth structures & Occlusal Surfaces

46
Q

Occlusal Surfaces

A
47
Q

Dentition-tooth position and
structure

A
48
Q

Dentition-Specialized Molar Cusps

A
49
Q

Dentition-Specialized Molar Cusps:

Plagiaulacoid/cone

A
  • Bladelike cone teeth
  • Restricted to some marsupials
50
Q

Dental Formula

A
51
Q

Dentition-Terms for Lab

A

• Brachydont
• Hypsodont
– Referring to relative
proportions of rown to
roots

52
Q

• What is biogeography?

A

• Study of the distribution of species (both living and extinct) around the world.

53
Q

• Historical biogeography & Example

A
  • change through time

• Long-beaked echidna (genus Zaglossus)

evidence from fossil samples found in Austraila & cave paintings

54
Q

Biogeographic Regions

A
  • Palearctic
  • Nearctic
  • Neotropical
  • Ethiopian
  • Oriental
  • Australian
  • Oceanic
55
Q

Nearctic

A

• 2nd largest faunal region
• Total of 37 families
• Only two endemic families
• Moderate diversity
• Cold
• Shares 50% with Palearctic and
Neotropical

56
Q

Neotropical

A

• Central to South America, includes Carribean
Islands
• High familial diversity (50)
• Greatest number of endemic families (19)
• Long period of isolation and warm climate likely
drove diversification

57
Q

Ethiopian

A

• Africa south of Saharan Desert,
including Madagascar
• Connects to Palearctic via the Sahara
• Much familial diversity (52)
• Many endemic families (18)
• Much primate endemism- particularly
in Madagascar

58
Q

Australian

A

• Includes Australia, New Guinea, Sulawesi
and associated islands
• Number of families: 28
• Endemic families: 17
• Long period of low diversity but high
endemism

59
Q

Oceanic

A
  • Islands of Pacific Ocean
  • Greatly isolated
  • Not including oceanic mammals
60
Q

Palearctic

A

42 families
• 0 endemic families

61
Q

Oriental Region

A

• Contains 3 biodiversity hotspots
• Indochina
• Sundaland
• Philippines
• Great examples of biogeographic
processes
• Number of families: 50
• Endemic families: 4

62
Q

Abiotic processes

A
  • Plate tectonics and continental drift
  • Climate changes
  • Ice ages
  • Refugia
  • Anthropogenic
63
Q

Biotic Processes

A

• Dispersal
• Ecological- movements within
the lifetime of an individual
• Passive- rafting events
(sweepstakes)
• Active- accumulation of
ecological dispersal events
(powered by the animal itself)

64
Q

Extinction and Diversification

A

Extinction-reduces species
richness of a clade
• Background- incidental loss from
habitat loss, competition,
predation etc.
• Mass- simultaneous, catastrophic
and world-wide loss of species
• Diversification- increases species
richness of a clade

65
Q

• Convergent evolution-

A

ecologically
similar species arising from
different ancestors

Ex. Afrotherian & Laurasiatheria (mole-like,hedgehog-like,fully aquatic, and ant-eating)

66
Q

• Vicariance-

A

process by which the geographical range of a species is
split into discontinuous parts by a biotic barrier to gene flow

67
Q

Dispersal-

A

the movement of a species from one location to another

68
Q

• Regionalization

A

estimation of boundaries between areas of
endemism

69
Q

The Great American Interchange

what,why,when?

A

65 MYA ~Cenozoic era

• Groups in SA prior to GAI:
• Marsupials
• Condylarths
• Both likely arrived via
sweepstakes event from
NA
• Xenarthrans thought to
have evolved in SA
• Cebids and hystricognath rodents
arrived via sweepstakes
from Africa

• While isolated groups radiated into a variety of species-Opossums & Platyrrhini

70
Q

Ecogeographic patterns/rules

• Island Rule

A

• Island Rule

71
Q

• Allen’s Rule-

A

correlation of ear
length with air temperatures in
foxes and hares

72
Q

Gloger’s Rule-

A

pelage differences
between species found in high
latitudes versus low, darker color
morphs in certain habitats

73
Q

Gradients in Species Diversity

A

• Latitudinal Gradient- global ecological pattern

74
Q

Gradients in Species Diversity

Elevational-

A

two major patterns
• low elevation holds highest diversity of species
• alternative mid-elevations have highest species diversity

75
Q

Mid-domain hypothesis

A

Small mammals in the Philippines follow a
mid-elevation diversity peak

76
Q

Low-elevation diversity

A

• Andes of South America shows highest diversity of bats at
low elevations, but mice at mid-elevations
• Evidence that each mountain could have different
pattern
• Interesting to consider biases

Mammalogy (3 decks)

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