Lab Practical 2

Question 1

Optic nerve

Answer 1

carries visual information from retina back to the brain

Question 2

Sclera

Answer 2

whites of the eyes and outermost layer

Question 3

Cornea

Answer 3

transparent area and layer of the eye where light can shine through. It focuses light on the lens

Question 4

Vitreous humor

Answer 4

clear jelly substance that fills the posterior chamber behind the lens, helps maintain the shape of the eye and supplies nutrients to the retina

Question 5

Retina

Answer 5

wrinkled and gray sac-like structure. Innermost layer of the back of the eye, fovea is area of sharpest focus

Question 6

Optic disc

Answer 6

spot on retina where the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve exit the eye (causes blind-spot)

Question 7

Tapetum lucidium

Answer 7

the bluish reflective layer behind retina. Reflects light back into the retina

Question 8

Retinal pigmented epitheleum

Answer 8

dark layer that lines the back off the sclera along with tapetum lucidum and the sides of the eye. Absorbs extra light which prevents light from scattering and reduces glare. provides nutrients and oxygen to the retina

Question 9

Choroid

Answer 9

vascular layer of the eye containing blood vessels and capillaries

Question 10

Lens

Answer 10

transparent and layered. focuses image onto the retina by accommodation

Question 11

Cilliary body

Answer 11

ridged ring around the iris

lens and ciliary body separate the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber

Question 12

Suspensory ligaments

Answer 12

attaches ciliary body to lens, keeps the lens stretched titght

Question 13

Pupil

Answer 13

opening in the iris
regulates amount of light that enters the eye
changes size depending on the amount of light

Question 14

Iris

Answer 14

Colored par of the eye
pigmented ring of muscles
restricts incoming light and contains muscles that constrict and dilate the pupil to restrict light

Question 15

Aqueous humor

Answer 15

dark liquid that fills anterior chamber between the cornea and the lens
provides oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
blood plasma is transformed into aqueous humor through filtration

Question 16

Difference between monocular and binocular vision

Answer 16

Mono has eyes on each side of head and gives greater field of view and is useful for spotting predators
Bi allows us to have depth and judge distance

Question 17

Why do monkeys vocalize?

Answer 17

territorial defense

predator identification

Question 18

Why would monkeys vocalize in a novel environment?

Answer 18

Highly motivated behavior (genetics?)
territoriality
Pair-bond communication

Question 19

Where are lower frequencies mapped in basilar membrane?

Answer 19

further down the basilar membrane

Question 20

What is behavior?

Answer 20

observable response or reaction of an organism to a stimulus both internal and or external stimuli

Question 21

What are the four types of questions aimed at understanding animal behavior?

Answer 21

Function, evolution, causation, and development

Question 22

Function question

Answer 22

Why is it adaptive? What is it good for?

Question 23

Evolution question

Answer 23

How did it evolve?

Question 24

Causation question

Answer 24

What causes it? How does it work?

Question 25

Development question

Answer 25

How does it develop?

Process the organism must go through for trait to be expressed

Question 26

What are the approaches to studying behavior?

Answer 26

field studies and lab studies

Question 27

How do you collect behavioral data?

Answer 27

create ethogram
choose measurement method
Practice and revise the ethogram and measurement methods

Question 28

What is an ethogram?

Answer 28

list of behaviors to record and includes operational definition

Question 29

What are the behavior measurement methods?

Answer 29

Instantaneous scan sampling (scan at intervals)
All occurrence even sampling (count every occurrence)
Time sampling (record during a set time)

Question 30

What is mate-guarding behavior?

Answer 30

Strategy for maintenance of exclusivity of a pair

Use of a mirror is means of investigating this in safe environment for titi mokeys