Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
Optic nerve
carries visual information from retina back to the brain
Sclera
whites of the eyes and outermost layer
Cornea
transparent area and layer of the eye where light can shine through. It focuses light on the lens
Vitreous humor
clear jelly substance that fills the posterior chamber behind the lens, helps maintain the shape of the eye and supplies nutrients to the retina
Retina
wrinkled and gray sac-like structure. Innermost layer of the back of the eye, fovea is area of sharpest focus
Optic disc
spot on retina where the ganglion cells that form the optic nerve exit the eye (causes blind-spot)
Tapetum lucidium
the bluish reflective layer behind retina. Reflects light back into the retina
Retinal pigmented epitheleum
dark layer that lines the back off the sclera along with tapetum lucidum and the sides of the eye. Absorbs extra light which prevents light from scattering and reduces glare. provides nutrients and oxygen to the retina
Choroid
vascular layer of the eye containing blood vessels and capillaries
Lens
transparent and layered. focuses image onto the retina by accommodation
Cilliary body
ridged ring around the iris
lens and ciliary body separate the anterior chamber and the posterior chamber
Suspensory ligaments
attaches ciliary body to lens, keeps the lens stretched titght
Pupil
opening in the iris
regulates amount of light that enters the eye
changes size depending on the amount of light
Iris
Colored par of the eye
pigmented ring of muscles
restricts incoming light and contains muscles that constrict and dilate the pupil to restrict light
Aqueous humor
dark liquid that fills anterior chamber between the cornea and the lens
provides oxygen and nutrients to the cornea
blood plasma is transformed into aqueous humor through filtration
Difference between monocular and binocular vision
Mono has eyes on each side of head and gives greater field of view and is useful for spotting predators
Bi allows us to have depth and judge distance
Why do monkeys vocalize?
territorial defense
predator identification
Why would monkeys vocalize in a novel environment?
Highly motivated behavior (genetics?)
territoriality
Pair-bond communication
Where are lower frequencies mapped in basilar membrane?
further down the basilar membrane
What is behavior?
observable response or reaction of an organism to a stimulus both internal and or external stimuli
What are the four types of questions aimed at understanding animal behavior?
Function, evolution, causation, and development
Function question
Why is it adaptive? What is it good for?
Evolution question
How did it evolve?
Causation question
What causes it? How does it work?
Development question
How does it develop?
Process the organism must go through for trait to be expressed
What are the approaches to studying behavior?
field studies and lab studies
How do you collect behavioral data?
create ethogram
choose measurement method
Practice and revise the ethogram and measurement methods
What is an ethogram?
list of behaviors to record and includes operational definition
What are the behavior measurement methods?
Instantaneous scan sampling (scan at intervals) All occurrence even sampling (count every occurrence) Time sampling (record during a set time)
What is mate-guarding behavior?
Strategy for maintenance of exclusivity of a pair
Use of a mirror is means of investigating this in safe environment for titi mokeys
