Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Axial Skeleton
A
Head, neck, trunk
2
Q
Appendicular Skeleton
A
Pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
3
Q
Spongy Bone
A
Porous, trabecular bone found at ends of long bones and in flat bones
4
Q
Compact Bone
A
Dense outer layer of bone providing strength
5
Q
Long Bones
A
Longer than wide; e.g., femur, humerus
6
Q
Short Bones
A
Cube-shaped; e.g., carpals, tarsals
7
Q
Flat Bones
A
Thin and usually curved; e.g., skull, ribs
8
Q
Irregular Bones
A
Complex shapes; e.g., vertebrae, hip bones
9
Q
Tuberosity
A
Large rounded projection; may be roughened
10
Q
Crest
A
Narrow ridge of bone; usually prominent
11
Q
Trochanter
A
Very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process (femur only)
12
Q
Foramen
A
Round or oval opening through a bone
13
Q
Fossa
A
Shallow, basinlike depression
14
Q
Condyle
A
Condyle
15
Q
Epicondyle
A
Raised area on or above a condyle
16
Q
Foramen Magnum
A
Large hole in occipital bone allowing spinal cord passage
17
Q
Crista Galli
A
Ethmoid bone ridge attaching to brain’s dura mater
18
Q
Optic Canal
A
Sphenoid bone passage for optic nerve
19
Q
Mandibular Fossa
A
Depression in temporal bone for mandible articulation
20
Q
Atlas (C1)
A
First cervical vertebra, lacks body, supports skull
21
Q
Axis (C2)
A
Second cervical vertebra with dens allowing head rotations
22
Q
Cervical Vertebrae
A
Seven vertebrae with transverse foramina
23
Q
Thoracic Vertebrae
A
Twelve vertebrae with costal facets for rib articulation
24
Q
Lumbar Vertebrae
A
Five vertebrae with large bodies and short spinous processes
25
Sacrum
Five fused vertebrae forming posterior pelvis
26
Coccyx
Tailbone formed from 3-5 fused vertebrae
27
True Ribs
Ribs 1-7, attach directly to sternum
28
False Ribs
Ribs 8-12, attach indirectly or not at all to sternum
29
Floating Ribs
Ribs 11-12, no sternal attachment
30
Xiphoid Process
Inferior part of sternum
31
Flexion
Decreases angle between bones
32
Extension
Increases angle between bones
33
Abduction
Moves limb away from midline
34
Adduction
Moves limb toward midline
35
Pronation
Palm down
36
Supination
Palm up
37
Dorsiflexion
Lifting foot upwards
38
Plantar Flexion
Pointing toes downward
39
Cardiac Muscle
Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs
40
Smooth Muscle
Involuntary, non-striated
41
H Zone
Center of A band with only thick filaments
42
Triad
T-tubule + 2 terminal cisternae of SR
43
Prime Mover (Agonist)
Muscle responsible for specific movement
44
Antagonist
Muscle that opposes a movement
45
Synergist
Muscle that aids agonist by reducing unnecessary movement
46
Fixator
Stabilizes the origin of a prime mover
47
Myofibrils
Rod-like structures that run the entire
length of the muscle fiber
Occupy 80% of the volume of a muscle fiber
48
Myoglobin
Protein that binds and stores oxygen
Located in the sarcoplasm
Pigmented red
49
Inclusions
Glycosomes – granules of stored glycogen (provide glucose during muscle cell activity)
50
Mitochondria
Perform aerobic respiration to produce energy for muscle activity
51
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of the muscle fiber
52
Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR)
Specialized smooth endoplasmic
Stores and releases calcium in to the sarcoplasm
The expanded ends of the SR are called terminal cisternae
53
Sarcolemma
Plasma membrane of the muscle fiber
54
Transverse tubules (T-tubules)
Involutions of the sarcolemma into the sarcoplasm
55
Muscle fiber
one skeletal muscle cell
56
Endomysium
Delicate areolar sheath that wraps each muscle fiber
57
Skeletal muscle
A group of fascicles
58
Epimysium
Tough layer of dense irregular CT wrapped around a skeletal muscle
59
Insertion
Bone that moves when the skeletal
muscle contracts
60
Origin
Bone that does not move when the skeletal muscle contracts
61
Synergist
Assists the agonist by reducing unnecessary motion
62
Fixator
Stabilizes origin of a prime mover
63
Aerobic exercise effect
Increases endurance, capillaries, mitochondria, myoglobin
64
Resistance exercise effect
Increases muscle size and strength
65
Example of aerobic exercise
Jogging, swimming, biking
66
Example of resistance exercise
Weight lifting, resistance band training
67
Eccentric contraction
Muscle lengthens (e.g., lowering a weight)
68
Skeletal muscle
Voluntary, striated, multinucleate
69
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary, striated, intercalated discs
70
Smooth muscle
Involuntary, non-striated, lines hollow organs
71
Epimysium
Covers entire skeletal muscle
72
Perimysium
Surrounds muscle fascicle
73
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle fiber
74
Flexion
Decreases angle between bones
75
Extension
Increases angle between bones
76
Abduction
Moves limb away from midline
77
Adduction
Moves limb toward midline
78
Rotation
Movement around longitudinal axis
79
Circumduction
Distal end moves in circle, cone-shaped motion
80
Pronation
Palm faces posteriorly
81
Supination
Palm faces anteriorly
82
Dorsiflexion
Toes point upward
83
Plantar flexion
Toes point downward
84
Inversion
Sole of foot turns medially
85
Eversion
Sole of foot turns laterally
86
Agonist
Primary mover of a joint
87
Antagonist
Opposes the agonist
88
H zone
Only thick filaments, center of A band
89
Actin
Thin filament
90
Myosin
Thick filament
91
Axon terminal
End of motor neuron, releases acetylcholine
92
Synaptic cleft
Gap between axon terminal and muscle fiber
93
Motor end plate
Region of sarcolemma with ACh receptors
94
Acetylcholine
Neurotransmitter that initiates muscle contraction
95
Isometric contraction
Tension increases, muscle length unchanged (e.g., plank)
96
Isotonic contraction
Tension constant, muscle changes length
97
Concentric contraction
Muscle shortens (e.g., lifting a weight)
98
Cervical vertebrae count
7
99
Thoracic vertebrae count
12
100
Lumbar vertebrae count
5
101
Cervical vertebrae features
Transverse foramina, small body, bifid spinous process
102
Thoracic vertebrae features
Heart-shaped body, costal facets, downward spinous process
103
Lumbar vertebrae features
Large kidney-shaped body, short blunt spinous process
104
Atlas (C1)
Lacks body, articulates with occipital condyles, nod 'yes'
105
Axis (C2)
Has dens (odontoid process), allows rotation, nod 'no'
106
Left vs Right rib
Head is posterior, sharp edge is inferior
107
Left vs Right clavicle
Sternal end is medial, conoid tubercle is posterior/inferior
108
Left vs Right scapula
Spine is posterior, glenoid cavity is lateral
109
Left vs Right humerus
Head is medial, olecranon fossa is posterior
110
Left vs Right femur
Head is medial, patellar surface is anterior
111
Left vs Right tibia
Tibial tuberosity is anterior, medial malleolus is medial
112
Z disc
Anchors thin filaments, defines sarcomere boundary
113
M line
Anchors thick filaments, middle of sarcomere
114
I band
Contains only thin filaments, light band
115
A band
Full length of thick filaments, includes overlap
