Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
How to recognize cyanobacteria
- Prokaryotes
- No organelles
- Cell wall
- Green
- small
Blue-green algae Akinete
a thick-walled, non-motile, dormant cell formed by filamentous, heterocyst-forming cyanobacteria; Specialized for surviving adverse conditions
Blue-green algae Heterocyst
Site of N-fixation
N-fixation
the process where atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into usable forms like ammonia (NH3) or nitrates (NO3-) by bacteria
Trichome
filamentous row of cells
Sheath
mucilaginous layer of blue-green algae
Archaeplastida
Red and Green Algae, land plants; share a common ancestor that obtained plastid through endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria
Chlorophyta
- Uni- or multicellular
- Thylakoids (chloroplasts)
- Organelles
- Chlorophyll a & b
- Sometimes flagellated
SAR algae
- Stramenopiles
- Alveolates
- Rhizarians
A
Head
B
Arm
C
Mechanical stage
D
Course adjustment knob
E
Fine adjustment knob
F
Mechanical stage control
G
Rheostat (light control)
H
Base
I
Substage light
J
Condenser
K
Iris diaphragm lever
L
Stage
M
Objective lenses
N
Rotating nose piece
O
Ocular lenses
How to calculate the magnification of a microscope
(magnification of the eyepiece) * (magnification of the objective lens)
How to make a wet mount
1) Get a glass slide and clean it off
2) Drop your specimen in a droplet of liquid onto the glass slide
3) Get and clean a coverslip, then place it over the droplet
Identifying Cyanobacteria
- Prokaryote
- No nucleus, filamentous or colonial forms
- Blue-green color
- No flagella or cilia
- Peptidoglycan cell wall
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Cyanobacteria
Identifying Green Algae
- Eukaryote
- Green due to chlorophyll a & b
- visible chloroplasts
- diverse forms (unicellular, colonial, filamentous)
- Cellulose cell wall
Green Algae
Green Algae
Identifying Diatoms
- Eukaryotes
- Silica cell wall in two parts
- golden-brown color
- symmetrical
- often float or glide
Diatoms
Diatoms
Diatoms
Identifying Euglena
- Eukaryote
- Green (chloroplasts)
- Single flagellum
- flexible outer covering
Euglena
Euglena
Euglena
Identifying Ciliates
- Eukaryote
- Covered in cilia
- Complex
- visible oral groove and contractile vacuole
Ciliates
Ciliates
Ciliates
Identifying Amoebas
- Eukaryote
- Irregular shape
- move via pseudopodia
- engulf food by phagocytosis
- no fixed shape or cell wall
Amoebas
Amoebas
Amoebas
1
Ovary
2
Style
3
Stigma
4
Pistil
5
Anther
6
Filament
7
Stamen
8
Petal
9
Sepal
10
Ovule
11
Receptacle
12
Pollen tube
Diatoms
- Clade: Stramenopiles
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Golden Algae
- Clade: Stramenopiles
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Brown Algae
- Clade: Stramenopiles
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Dinoflagellates
- Clade: Alvelolates
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Apicomlexans
- Clade: Alvelolates
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Ciliates
- Clade: Alvelolates
- Part of the “SAR” clade
Diatom
Blue-green algae phylum and supergroup
Phylum: cyanobacteria
Supergroup: n/a Domain Bacteria
Green Algae phylum and supergroup
Phylum: Chlorophyta
Supergroup: archaeplastida
Diatoms phylum and supergroup
Phylum: Bacillariophyceae
Supergroup: SAR (Stramenopiles)
Ciliates phylum and supergroup
Phylum: Ciliophora
Supergroup: SAR (Alveolates)
Flagellates phylum and supergroup
Phylum: Filosa
Supergroup: SAR (Rhizarians)
Sarcodines (amoebas) phylum and supergroup
Phylum: tubulinids
Supergroup: Unikonta
How does Paramecium expel water?
Using a contractile vacuole
The science or study of fungi
mycology
Desmid
Desmid
Desmid
Zygomycete
Formation of spores within
zygosporangium. No cross walls between cells
Ascomycete
Formation of spores in
ascus
Basidiomycete
Formation of spores on
basidium
Mycelium
mass of hyphae
Zygomycota
Zygospore in zygosporangium Bread mold, endomycorrhizal fungi
Ascomycota
Ascospore in ascus as part of ascocarp. Powdery mildews, morels, truffles
Basidiomycota
Basidiospore in basidium as part of basidiocarp. Mushrooms, stinkhorns, puffballs, shelf fungi, rusts, smuts
Zygomycota
Zygomycota
Ascomycota
Basidiomycota
Basidiomycota
A clade of green plants
Chlorobionta (Viridiplantae)
A clade of land plants
Embryophytes
A clade of vascular plants
Tracheophytes
Node
area of the stem where the leaf is born
Internodes
the stem area between nodes
Buds
stem elongations. Embryonic tissue of leaves and stem
Terminal bud
located at the tip of stems or branches
Axillary bud
Gives rise to branches
A
Epidermis
B
Cortex
C
Pith
D
Xylem
E
Phloem
F
Vascular cambium
A clade of seed plants
Spermatophytes
Angiosperm
Flowering plants
Gymnosperm
Non-flowering plants
Gametophyte and sporophyte in non-vascular plants
Gametophyte: the dominant green leafy part (what we usually see
Sporophyte: A small stalk with a capsule growing out of the gametophyte (depends on the gametophyte)
Gametophyte and sporophyte in seedless vascular plants
Sporophyte: the large leafy plant (is the dominant, independent generation)
Gametophyte: A small structure that grows separately close to the ground (depends on the sporophyte)
Gametophyte and sporophyte in seed plants
Sporophyte: the entire visible plant (leaves, stem, roots, flowers, cones)
Gametophyte: microscopic an hidden (male - pollen grain; female - embryo sac in ovules)
non-vascular gametophyte
Non-vascular sporophyte
seedless vascular sporophyte
Plant type - Mosses
Non-vascular
Plant type - Liverworts
Non-vascular
Plant type - Hornwarts
Non-vascular plants
Plant type - Ferns
Seedless vascular plants
Plant type - Horsetails
Seedless vascular plants
Plant type - Club mosses
Seedless vascular plants
Plant type - Whisk Ferns
Seedless vascular plants
Plant type - Conifers
Seeded vascular plants (gymnosperm)
Plant type - Monocots
Seeded vascular plants (angiosperm)
Plant type - Dicots
Seeded vascular plants (angiosperm)
The phyla of seed plants we covered
Coniferophyta
Diploid
Sporophyte Stage
Haploid
Gametophyte Stage
